Allegheny Mountains
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| Allegheny Mountains | |
| Range | |
 View from atop Spruce Knob, the highest point in the Alleghenies.
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| Country |  United States |
|---|---|
| States |  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  West Virginia |
| Part of | Ridge-and-valley Appalachians |
| Borders on | Cumberland Mountains |
| Highest point | Spruce Knob |
| - location | Pendleton County, WV |
| - elevation | 4,863 ft (1,482.2 m) |
| - coordinates | 38°41′59″N 79°31′58″W / 38.69972°N 79.53278°W |
| Geology | Sandstone, Quartzite |
| Orogeny | Alleghenian orogeny |
 Map showing the Allegheny Mountains.
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The Allegheny Mountain Range (also spelled Alleghany and Allegany) — informally, the Alleghenies — is part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the eastern United States and Canada. It has a northeast-southwest orientation and runs for about 400 miles (640 km) from north-central Pennsylvania, through western Maryland and eastern West Virginia, to southwestern Virginia.
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[edit] Name
The name derives from the Allegheny River, which drains only a small portion of the Alleghenies in west-central Pennsylvania. The meaning of the word, which comes from the Lenape (Delaware) Indians, is not definitively known, but is usually translated as "fine river". A Lenape legend tells of an ancient tribe called the "Allegewi" who lived on the river and were defeated by the Lenape[1]. Allegheny is the French spelling (as in Allegheny River, which was once part of New France), and Allegany is the English spelling (as in Allegany County, Maryland, a former British Colony).
The word "Allegheny" was once commonly used to refer to the whole of what are now called the Appalachian Mountains. John Norton used it (spelled variously) around 1810 to refer to the mountains in Tennessee and Georgia[2]. Around the same time, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either "Appalachia" or "Alleghania".[1]. In 1861, Arnold Henry Guyot published the first systematic geologic study of the whole mountain range[3]. His map labeled the range as the "Alleghanies", but his book was titled On the Appalachian Mountain System. John Muir, in his book A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf (written in 1867), used the word "Alleghanies" for the southern Appalachians. Other people[who?] used the word "Appalachians". As to whom, Spanish explorers in the 16th Century were first to use the term, "Apalachee", from the northern Florida tribe. People of the Mobilian Trade Language used the term, Appalachian, in various forms.[4] Henry Popple map of 1735 spells the range southerly, "Apalachian." An early example of Virginians and English arrivals in New England using the 18th century term's derivative, "Appalachian", for the lower range of the Allegheny that meets the Unaka Range, a range of which the "Great Smoky Mountains" are a part of, can be found in Mountaynes Apalatsi: Capt. Newport's Discoveries (1607), Public Record Office, London.[5][6]
There was no general agreement about the "Appalachians" versus the "Alleghanies" until the late 19th century. The term "Appalachian" became commonly used for the whole range, first by geologists and eventually, everyone.[1]
[edit] Geography
- See also: List of Mountains of the Alleghenies
[edit] Extent
From northeast to southwest, the Allegheny Mountains run about 400 miles (640 km). From west to east, at their widest, they are about 100 miles (160 km).
Although there are no official boundaries to the Allegheny Mountains region, it may be generally defined to the east by the Great Valley (locally called the Cumberland Valley in Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia); to the north by the Susquehanna River valley; and to the south by the New River valley. To the west, the Alleghenies grade down into the dissected Allegheny Plateau (of which they are sometimes considered to be a part). The westernmost ridges are considered to be the Laurel and Chestnut Ridges in Pennsylvania and Laurel and Rich Mountains in West Virginia. The name of the Big Sandy and Guyandotte watershed mountains from the middle Kanawha River westerly into north eastern Kentuckey are seldom found on modern "road maps". This sub-range of the southern-most Alleghenian is called the Ouasioto Mountains (Lewis map 1755, Library of Congress) of the south western Alleghenies. These hills lay on the western side of the Kanawha River from the Charleston area, south of Huntington, West Virginia, into north eastern Kentucky of the Pikeville Cut-Through area to the Licking River — Newport-Covington, Kentucky. The rolling Scioto and Hocking Hills on the north side of the Ohio River border these all of the Allegheny Plateau. On the eastern side of the Kanawha River, the ridges of Laurel hills range northerly to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. This Allegheny Plateau range only appears on certain modern maps today. On these Allegheny Plateau and mountains' southerly slopes ranges the Cumberland Mountains.
The mountains to the south of the Alleghenies — the Appalachians in westernmost Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and eastern Tennessee — are the Cumberlands. However, the New River drainage system or watersheds through the Allegheny Mountains to the south-western Allegheny Plateau in West Virginia. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Tennessee) is involved with the conservation of the mixed mesophytic forests within the Northern Cumberland Plateau. The conservation organizations of the northern Cumberland Plateau and mountains include, The Nature Conservancy, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and the Natural Resources Defense Council whom focus on the Cumberland Plateau.[7] These are not concerned with the region of West Virginia and north-eastern Kentucky, otherwise, the area of the southern Allegheny range. The Alleghenies and the Cumberlands both constitute part of the Ridge and Valley Province of the Appalachians.
[edit] The Allegheny Front and the “Allegheny Highlands”
The eastern edge of the Alleghenies is marked by the Allegheny Front, which is also sometimes considered the eastern terminus of the Allegheny Plateau. This great escarpment represents a portion of the Eastern Continental Divide in this area. A number of impressive gorges and valleys drain the Alleghenies: to the east, Smoke Hole Canyon (South Branch Potomac River) and the Shenandoah Valley, and to the west the New River Gorge and the Blackwater and Cheat Canyons. Thus, about half the precipitation falling on the Alleghenies makes its way west to the Mississippi and half goes east to Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic seaboard.
The highest ridges of the Alleghenies are just west of the Front, which has an east/west elevational change of up to 3,000 feet (910 m). Absolute elevations of the Allegheny Highlands reach nearly 5,000 feet (1,500 m), with the highest elevations in the southern part of the range. The highest point in the Allegheny Mountains is Spruce Knob (4,863 ft/1,482 m), on Spruce Mountain in West Virginia. Other notable Allegheny highpoints include Thorny Flat on Cheat Mountain (4,848 ft/1478 m), Bald Knob on Back Allegheny Mountain (4,842 ft/1476 m), and Mount Porte Crayon (4,770 ft/1,454 m), all in West Virginia; Dans Mountain (2,898 ft/883m) in Maryland, Backbone Mountain (3360 ft/1024 m), the highest point in Maryland; Mount Davis (3,213 ft/979 m), the highest point in Pennsylvania, and the second highest, Blue Knob (3,146 ft/959 m).
[edit] Development
There are very few sizable cities in the Alleghenies. The four largest are (in order of population): Altoona, State College, Johnstown (all in Pennsylvania) and Cumberland (in Maryland).
[edit] Protected areas
Much of the Monongahela (West Virginia), George Washington (West Virginia, Virginia) and Jefferson (Virginia) National Forests lie within the Allegheny Mountains. The Alleghenies also include a number of federally-designated wilderness areas, such as the Dolly Sods Wilderness, Laurel Fork Wilderness, and Cranberry Wilderness in West Virginia.
- The mostly completed Allegheny Trail, a project of the West Virginia Scenic Trails Association since 1975, runs the length of the range within West Virginia. The northern terminus is at the Mason-Dixon Line and the southern is at the West Virginia-Virginia border on Peters Mountain.[8]
[edit] Geology
The bedrock of the Alleghenies is mostly sandstone and metamorphosed sandstone, quartzite, which is extremely resistant to weathering. Prominent beds of resistant conglomerate can be found in some areas, such as the Dolly Sods. When it weathers, it leaves behind a pure white quartzite gravel. The rock layers of the Alleghenies were formed during the Alleghenian orogeny.
Because of intense freeze-thaw cycles in the higher Alleghenies, there is little native bedrock exposed in most areas. The ground surface usually rests on a massive jumble of sandstone rocks, with air space between them, that are gradually moving down-slope. The crest of the Allegheny Front is an exception, where high bluffs are often exposed, revealing an exceptional view.
[edit] Flora and fauna
The Alleghenies of West Virginia are noted for their forests of red spruce, balsam fir, and mountain ash, trees typically found much farther north.
These mountains and plateau have over twenty species of reptiles represented as lizard, skink, turtle and snake. Some of the Icterid birds visit the mountains as well as the Hermit Thrush and Wood Thrush. North American migrant birds live throughout the warmer seasons in the mountains, save-but, the highest peaks. Occasionally, Osprey and Eagle can be found nesting along the streams. The hawks and owls are the most common birds of prey.
Mammals in the region include whitetail deer, chipmunk, raccoon, skunk, groundhog, opossum, weasel, field mouse, flying squirrel, cotton-tail rabbit, gray foxes, red foxes, gray squirrels, red squirrels and a cave bat to name a few. Bobcat, snowshoe hare, wild boar and black bear are also found in the forests and parks of the Alleghenies. But, the mink, beaver and eastern cougar (Puma concolor couguar) have become very rarily seen. [9]
The water habitat of the Alleghenies holds 24 families of fish. Amphibian species number about twenty one. Among them are hellbenders and salamanders to included toads and frogs. The Alleghenies provide habitat for about 54 species of common invertebrate. These include Gastropoda, slugs, leech, earthworms and grub worm otherwise larva and Crayfish. Cave Crayfish (Cambarus nerterius) live along side a little over seven dozen Cave invertebrate. [10]
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[edit] History
The prehistoric Allegheny Mountains people are those emerging from the greater region's archaic and mound building cultures, particularly Adena with Eastern Woodland and later having a Hopewellian influence. These Late Middle Woodland culture people inhabiting the mountainous of the Alleghenies are named the Montaine (c. A.D. 500~1000) culture (McMichael, WV 1968, Dragoo, Pa 1963). Their neighbors, the woodland Buck Garden culture lived on the western valleys of central Allegheny Mountains. The Montaine site locations include the tributaries of the upper Potomac River region to the New River tributaries. These also had an influence by the earlier Armstrong Culture (Late Armstrong Indians 100 B.C. to 500 AD whom having an influence by Hopwellian) of the more south-western portions northern sub-range Ouasioto Mountains and from the more easterly Virginia Woodland people. The Late Woodland Montaine had a lessor degree of influence by Hopewellian trade coming from Ohio, yet, similarly polished stone tools have been found among the Montaine sites in the Tygart Valley.[11] Small groups of Montaine people appear to have lingered much beyond their classic defined period in parts of the most mountainous valleys (McMichael 1968).
Monongahela River tributaries are within the Allegheny Mountains more northerly western slopes and divide of which the Monongahela culture was named. The Godwin-Portman site, 36AL39, located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, had possible Fort Ancient (~850-1680 CE) presence during the 15th century A.D.[12] of the north western slopes. Washington Boro ceramics have been found on the Barton (18AG3) and Llewellyn (18AG26) sites in Maryland on the north eastern slopes of the late Susquehannock sequence. Early Monongahela (~900-1630 CE) are called the Drew Tradition in Pennsylvania. To quote Prof Richard L. George of Pennsylvania, "I believe that some of the Monongahela were of Algonquin origin... Other scholars have suggested that Iroquoian speakers were interacting with Late Monongahela people, and additional evidence is presented to confirm this. I conclude that the archaeologically conceived term, Monongahela, likely encompasses speakers of several languages, including Siouan."[13] Quoting Dr Maslowski in West Virginia (2009), "The New River Drainage and upper Potomac represents the range of the Huffman Phase (Page) hunting and gathering area or when it is found in small amounts on village sites, trade ware or Page women being assimulated into another village (tribe)." According to Prof Potter of Virginia, they (Huffman Phase of Page pottery)had occupied the eastern slopes of the Alleghenies on the upper Potomac to the northern, otherwise, lower Shenandoah Valley region before A.D. 1300 Luray Phase (Algonquian) people "invasion". It is thought these ancient Alleghenians were pushed to the classic Huffman Phase of the eastern slopes of the Alleghenies to the Blue Ridge Mountains in western Virginia, Eastern Siouan territory.
The proto-historic Alleghenies can be exampled by the earliest journals of the colonists. According to Batts and Fallows' September, 1671 Expedition, they found Mehetan Indians of Mountain "Cherokee-Iroquois" mix on the New River tributaries. This journal does not identify the "Salt Village", but, that the "Mehetan" were associated with these and today thought to be "Monetons", Siouans. However, this journal does not identify the "Salt Village" below the Kanawha Falls, but, that simply the "Mehetan" were associated with these. He explained, below the "Salt Villages", a mass of hostile Indians had, implied, arrived and some believe these to be "Shanwans" of Vielles Expedition of 1692~94, ancient Shawnee. In 1669, John Lederer of Maryland for the Virginia Colony and the Tennessee Cherokee had visited the mouth of the Kanawha and reported no hostilities on the lower streams of the Alleghenies. The Mohetan representative through a Siouan translator explained to Mr Batts and Mr Fallon, Colonel Abraham Woods exploriers 1671-2, the he (Moheton Native American) could not say much about the people below the "Salt Village" because they (Mountain Cherokee) were not associated with them. The Mohetan was armed by this time of 1671 for the Mohetan Representative was given several pouches of ammunition for his and the other's weapons as a token of friendship. Somebody had already been trading within the central Alleghenies before before the Virignians historical record begins in the Allegheny Mountains. Some earlier scholars found evidence these Proto-historics were either Cistercians of Spanish Ajacan Occuquan outpost on the Potomac River or Jesuits and their Kahnawake Praying Indians (Mohawk) on the Riviere de la Ronceverte. The "Kanawha Madonna" may date from this period or earlier. Where the New River breaks through Peters’ Mountain, near Pearisburg Virginia the 1671 journal mentions the "Moketans had formerly lived."
According to a number of early 17th century maps, the Messawomeake or "Mincquas" (Dutch) occupied the northern Allegheny Mountains. The "Shatteras" (an ancient Tutelo) occupied the Ouasioto Mountains and the earliest term Canaraguy (Kanawhans otherwise Canawest[14]) on the 1671 French map occupied the southerly Alleghenies. They were associated with the Allegheny "Cherokee" and Eastern Siouan as trade-movers and canoe transporters. The Calicuas, an ancient most northern Cherokee, migrated or was pushed from the Central Ohio Valley onto the north eastern slopes of the Alleghenies of the ancient Messawomeake, Iroquois tradesmen to 1630s Kent Island, by 1710 maps. Sometime before 1712, the Canawest ("Kanawhans"-"Canallaway"-"Canaragay") had moved to the upper Potomac and made a Treaty with the newly established trading post of Fort Conolloway which would become a part of western Maryland during the 1740s.
Prior to European exploration and settlement, trails through the Alleghenies had been transited for many generations by American Indian tribes such as the Iroquois, Shawnee, Delaware, Catawba and others, for purposes of trade, hunting and, especially, warfare.[15] Western Virginia "Cherokee" were reported at Cherokee Falls, today's Valley Falls of the Tygart Valley.[16] Indian trader Charles Poke's trading post dates from 1731 with the Calicuas of Cherokee Falls still in the region from the previous century.[17] The "London Scribes" (The Crown's taxation records) vaguely mentions the colonial Alleghenian location of only a few other early colonial Trading locations. A general knowledge of these few outposts are more of traditional telling of some local people. However, an example is the "Van Metre" trading house mentioned in an earlier edition of the "Wonderful West Virginia Magazine" being on the South Branches of the upper reaches of the Potomac. Another very early trading house appears on a lower Greenbrier Valley map during the earlier decades of the 18th century. Generally, Indians did not trust Indian killers or have anything to do with them. Unless ofcoarse, these would be Indian traders were fighting along side friendly Indians against invading hostile Indians of a different frontier political motivation, political backed French or Spanish Indians.
As early as 1719, new arrivals from Europe began to cross the lower Susquehanna River and settle illegally in defiance of the Board of Property in Pennsylvania, on un-warranted land of the north eastern drainage rivers of the Allegheny Mountains. Several Indian Nations of Treaty on these Allegheny Mountains watershed through this period of time requested to the Deputy Governor and Council of Pennsylvania for the removal of "Maryland Intruders" which by order of the aforesaid was in 1728.[18] These were not "Americans" nor "Marylanders", but, fresh European "mind-set" arrivals who may or may not become "Marylanders", "Virginians" or "Pennsylvanians" as time passed. Some of these moved onward as territory opened up beyond the Alleghenies not staying in one's arriving Provence. Not only did Pennsylvania authority had Internationally Lawfull "Treaty compliance problems", but, so did Colonial Virginia. The French and Spanish claims were a threat seldom mention in common history writings, a global colonizing issue exampled by the War of the Spanish Succession. The following decades have by pioneer settlers arriving into the Alleghenies during Colonial Virginia's Robert Dinwiddie era, squatters by Quit-rent Law. They had preceded the official surveyors using a "hack on the tree and field of corn" marking land ownership approved by the Virginia Colonial Governor who had to be replaced with Governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore. According to earlier official state of West Virginia articles and earlier local school books, the loss of "squaters land" and these squaters being forced back east was bases as how the Cheat Mountain and Valley on the western slopes of the northerly Alleghenies up to that time received its name, based on the medieval English Eschetus Law (U.S. variant, Escheat Law applied to Tory property forfeiture during and some few years after the American Revolution until the "Jay Treaty" was enacted despite the Reconciliation Act of 1777 which did not protect land warrants or surveyed deeds.)[19] Other explanations of the naming have appeared in rather recent time.
Among the first whites to penetrate into the Allegheny Mountains were surveyors attempting to settle a dispute over the extent of lands belonging to either Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron or to the English Privy Council. An expedition of 1736 by John Savage established the location of the source of the North Branch Potomac River. An expedition ten years later by Peter Jefferson and Thomas Lewis emplaced the “Fairfax Stone” at the source and established a line of demarcation (the “Fairfax Line”) extending from the Stone south-east to the headwaters of the Rappahannock. Lewis's journal of that expedition provides a valuable view of the Allegheny country before its settlement.[20]
Trans-Allegheny travel had been facilitated when a military trail — Braddock Road — was blazed and opened by the Ohio Company in 1751. (It followed an earlier Indian and pioneer trail known as Nemacolin's Path.) Braddock Road connected Cumberland, Maryland (the upper limit of navigation on the Potomac River) and the forks of the Ohio River (the future Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). It received its name from the British leader of the French and Indian War, General Edward Braddock, who had led the ill-fated Braddock expedition four years later.[21] In addition to the war, hunting and trading with Indians were primary motivations for white movement across the mountains. Permanent white settlement of the Alleghenies was preceded by the explorations of such noted Marylanders as the Indian fighter and trader Thomas Cresap (1702-90) and the backwoodsman and hunter Meshach Browning (1781-1859). [22]
The Braddock Road was superseded by the Cumberland Road (also called the National Road), one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government. Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland and the road reached Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) on the Ohio River in 1818.
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Dr Martin Luther King referenced the Allegheny Mountains in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963), when he said "Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!"
[edit] Photo gallery
 North Fork Mountain, West Virginia, looking south |
 Blue Knob, Pennsylvania, the northernmost 3,000 footer in the Alleghenies. |
 Shenandoah Mountain, at the easternmost limit of the Alleghenies. |
 Laurel Mountain, West Virginia, at the westernmost limit of the Alleghenies. |
 New River Gorge, Section of the cliff at Beauty Mountain. |
[edit] References
[edit] Citations
- ^ a b c Stewart, George R. (1967), Names on the Land, Boston.
- ^ Norton, Major John (1816), The Journal of Major John Norton (Toronto: Champlain Society, Reprinted 1970)
- ^ Guyot, Arnold, “On the Appalachian Mountain System”, American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, XXXI, (March 1861), 167-171.
- ^ Appalachia: A regional Geography, by Raitz, Karl and Ulack, Richard, Westview Press, 1984. Also: The Mobilian Trade Language used by Indians of the Mississippi Valley, Crawford, James M., Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1978.
- ^ American Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol. iv, 40, 46-48
- ^ Brawn, A., First Republic in America, 34.
- ^ ORNL Report: Druckenbrod, D.L. and V.H. Dale. 2004. Sustaining the landscape: a method for comparing current and desired future conditions of forest ecosystems in the North Cumberland Plateau and Mountains. ORNL/TM-2004/314. Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], Oak Ridge, TN. 37 pages. [1] (4/28/2009)
- ^ Rosier, George L., Compiler, Hiking Guide to the Allegheny Trail, Second edition, West Virginia Scenic Trails Association, Kingwood, W.Va., 1990.
- ^ Cranberry Mountain Nature Center at (304)653-4826 and during the winter months at the Gauley Ranger District at (304)846-2695.
- ^ West Virginia DNR - Wildlife Resources, West Virginia Division of Wildlife. http://www.wvdnr.gov/Main.shtm and http://lutra.dnr.state.wv.us/cwcp/appendix2.shtm
- ^ "Introduction to West Virginia Archeology", by Edward V. McMichael, 2nd Edition Revised, Educational Series West Virginia Geological and Economic Survery, by Paul H. Price Director and State Geologist Morgantown 1968, published by West Virginia Archeological Society, P.O. Box 300, Hurricane WV 25526, attn. C. Michael Anslinger, Pres.
- ^ THE LATE PREHISTORIC COMPONENTS AT THE GODWIN-PORTMAN SITE, 36AL39, abstract RICHARD L. GEORGE. It had several Late Prehistoric occupations. This multicomponent site was destroyed in 1979. The Pennsylvania Archaeologist Volume 77(1), Spring 2007
- ^ Revisiting the Monongahela Linguistic/Cultural Affiliation Mystery, ABSTRACT by Richard L. George, Pennsylvania Archeology Society.
- ^ Relocated Subjects of the 5 Nations, To my friend Winjack, King of the Ganawese Indians on Sasqua- hanna, "Brother : I have heard that your friends the Nanticokes are now at yr. Town upon their Journey to the five Nations. I know they are a peaceable People that live quietly amongst the English in Mary Land, and therefore I shall be glad to see them, and will be ready to do them any kindness in my power." New Castle, June 16, 1722. Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania By Pennsylvania. Provincial Council, Samuel Hazard, Pennsylvania Committee. To Colo. Juhn French, Francis Worley, & James Mitehell, Esqrs. "Whereas, the three Nations of Indians settled on the North side of the River Sasquahanuah, in His Maties Peace & under the protection of this Government, viz: The Conestogoes, The Shawanoea, & The Cawnoyes, are very much disturbed, and the Peace of thia Colony is hourly in danger of being broken by persons, who pursuing their own private gain without any regard to Justice, Have attempted & others do still threaten to Survey and take up Lauds on the South West Branch of the sd. River, right against the Towns & Settlements of the said Indians, without any Right or pretence of Authority so to do, from the Proprietor of this Province unto whom the Lands unquestionably belong." at Conestogoe, the 18th day of June, in the Eighth year of our Sovereign Lord George. Annoq. Dom. 1722. Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania By Pennsylvania. Provincial Council, Samuel Hazard, Pennsylvania Committee http://books.google.com/books?id=rEwOAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA188&ots=gqLrLn2dB6&dq=Ganawese&pg=PA188&output=text
- ^ Smith, J. Lawrence, The High Alleghenies: The Drama and Heritage of Three Centuries, Tornado, West Virginia: Allegheny Vistas; Illustrations by Bill Pitzer, 1982.
- ^ Wonderful West Virginia articles "Allegeny" and Wonderfull W.Virginia September1973, Pp.30, "Valley Falls Of Old", Walter Balderson
- ^ "The Monetons are regarded to have been a distant branch of the Cherokees. They had a natural antipathy for the Shawnees, who were located on both sides of the Ohio in the vicinity of the mouth of the Scioto River. After terminating their visit with the Monetons the Cherokees went out of their direct path of return for a few days' swing to the westward to take a "clap" at their ancient and formidable enemy, the Shawnees." Chapter: "The Discovery of Kentucky" Pp. 125, "Register of Kentucky State Historical Society", By Kentucky Historical Society Published by The Society, 1922, Item notes: v.20 (1922) index:v.1-20 Original from Harvard University Digitized Jan 23, 2008
Note, the term "Shawnoes" appears later in 18th Century, later derives Shawnee. - ^
- "AN EARLY HISTORY OF HELLAM TOWNSHIP", Kreutz Creek Valley Preservation Society, [2] (4/28/2009)
- ^ Websters Unabridge Dictionary 1994 ed., 2 cheat [earlier cheat fortfeited property, from ME chet eschet, short for eschete--more at ESCHEAT] 1641 -- the reversion of property to the Crown (US) when there are no heirs to pay the taxes on the land--English Fuedal Law.
- ^ The Fairfax Line: Thomas Lewis's Journal of 1746; Footnotes and index by John Wayland, Newmarket, Virginia: The Henkel Press (1925 publication).
- ^ Borneman, Walter R. (2007). The French and Indian War. Rutgers. ISBN 978-0060761851.
- ^ Browning, Meshach (1859), Forty-Four Years of the Life of a Hunter; Being Reminiscences of Meshach Browning, a Maryland Hunter; Roughly Written Down by Himself, Revised and illustrated by E. Stabler. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co..
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[edit] Other sources
- McNeill, G.D. (Douglas), The Last Forest, Tales of the Allegheny Woods, n.p., 1940 (Reprinted with preface by Louise McNeill, Pocahontas Communications Cooperative Corporation, Dunmore, W.Va. and McClain Printing Company, Parsons, W.Va, 1989.)
[edit] External links
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