Gabriel Tarde
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jean-Gabriel De Tarde or Gabriel Tarde in short (March 12, 1843 in Sarlat, France – May 13, 1904 in Paris) French sociologist, criminologist and social psychologist who conceived sociology as based on small psychological interactions among individuals (much as if it were chemistry), the fundamental forces being imitation and innovation.
Among the concepts that Tarde initiated were the "group mind" (taken up and developed by Gustave Le Bon, and sometimes advanced to explain so-called herd behaviour or crowd psychology), and economic psychology, where he anticipated a number of modern developments. However, Emile Durkheim's sociology overshadowed Tarde's insights, and it wasn't until US scholars, such as the Chicago school, took up his theories that they became famous.
Everett Rogers furthered Tarde's "laws of imitation" in the 1962 book Diffusion of innovations.
From the late 1990s and continuing today, Tarde's work has been experiencing a renaissance[1]. Spurred by the re-release of his essay "Monadologie et sociologie" by Institut Synthelabo under the guidance of Gilles Deleuze's student Eric Alliez, Tarde's work is being re-discovered as a harbinger of postmodern French theory, particularly as influenced by the social philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. It has recently come out, for example, that in Difference and Repetition, Deleuze's milestone book which effected his transition to a more socially-aware brand of philosophy and his writing partnership with Guattari, Deleuze in fact re-centered his philosophical orientation around Tarde's thesis that repetition serves difference rather than vice versa[2] Also on the heels of the re-release of Tarde's works has come an important development in which French sociologist Bruno Latour has referred to Tarde as a possible predecessor to Actor-Network Theory in part because of Tarde's criticisms of Durkheim's conceptions of the social[1].
A book on the Social After Gabriel Tarde: Debates and Assessments is being released by Routledge later in 2009, and is likely to provide the first set of mature critiques of the recent renaissance of Tarde as well as to suggest models for scholars to use Tarde's thought in their scholarship. This book is expected to include contributions that philosophically reflect the Latourian (including a contribution from Latour himself) as well as Deleuzian approaches to Tarde, and to also highlight a number of new ways Tarde is being adapated in terms of methods in contemporary sociology, particularly in the area of ethnography, and the study of online communities.
Tarde's interest in criminology arouse while he was working as a magistrate in public service. Tarde was interested in the psychological basis of criminal behavior. He was critical of the concept of the atavistic criminal as developed by Cesare Lombroso[2]. Tarde's criminological studies served as the underpinning of his later sociology [3].
Interestingly Tarde also produced one science-fiction novel entitled Underground Man. This novel tells the tale of a post-apocalyptic earth covered by ice where the surviving humans has gone to live underground. The novel develops on the new culture which is created by the humans where music and art are the dominating aspects of lives.
Contents |
[edit] Works
- La criminalité comparée (1890)
- La philosophie pénale (1890) - Translated by Rapelje Howell and published as Penal Philosophy in 1968
- Les lois de l'imitation (1890)- Translated by Elsie Clews Parsons in 1903 and published as The Laws of Imitation
- Les transformations du droit. Étude sociologique (1891)
- Monadologie et sociologie (1893)
- La logique sociale (1895)
- Fragment d'histoire future (1896)
- L’opposition universelle. Essai d’une théorie des contraires. (1897)
- Écrits de psychologie sociale (1898)
- Les lois sociales. Esquisse d’une sociologie (1898) - Translated to English by Howard C Warren and published in 1899 as Social Laws - an Outline of Sociology
- L'opinion et la foule (1901)
- La psychologie économique (1902-3)
- Fragment d'histoire future (1904) - Translated by Cloudesley Brereton and published as Underground Man in 1905
[edit] See also
- innovation
- diffusion
- propaganda
- public opinion, one of Tarde's key concept
- Serge Moscovici
[edit] References
- ^ Bruno Latour (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
- ^ http://www.bartleby.com/65/ta/Tarde-Ga.html.
- ^ See also: Pietro Semeraro, Il sistema penale di Gabriel Tarde, Padova 1984.
[edit] External links
- Paper by Bruno Latour attempting to expand Tarde's insights
- Downloadable versions of many of Tarde's works (in French)
- Bibliography of his works
