Gesya Gelfman

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Gesya Gelfman
Born	1852 (1852) Mozyr, Russia Minsk Governorate now Homel Voblast of Belarus
Died	1882 (1883) Saint Petersburg, Russia

Gesya Mirovna Gelfman (Gesia Gelfman, Гельфман, Геся Мировна in Russian) (her name is often incorrectly spelled Gesya Mironovna; she is sometimes referred to as Gesia or Jessie) (between 1852 and 1855, Mozyr — 2.1(13).1882, Saint Petersburg), Russian revolutionary, member of Narodnaya Volya, implicated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Revolutionary activities 3 Death 4 Consequences 5 See also 6 References

[edit] Early life

Born into a Jewish family, Gelfman left it at the age of 16 or 17, allegedly to avoid an arranged marriage.

[edit] Revolutionary activities

In the early 1870s, she was an active member of several revolutionary clubs in Kiev. In 1877, during the Trial of the Fifty, Gelfman was sentenced to two years in the Litovsky Castle. On 1879-03-14, she was sent into exile to the province of Novgorod, from where she escaped and joined Narodnaya Volya in Saint Petersburg in 1879.

At a personal level, she also practiced then-revolutionary free love.^[1]

In 1881 she was part of the group that assassinated Alexander II, along with her then lover, Nikolai Sablin. When the police raided their apartment, Sablin shot himself.

[edit] Death

During the Pervomartovtsi trial of 1881, Gelfman was sentenced to death by hanging for her alleged part in the assassination of the Tsar. However, in March she made a statement reading in part that "in view of the ... sentence I have received, I consider it my moral duty to declare that I am in the fourth month of pregnancy". According to contemporary law execution of pregnant women was banned as the fetus was considered innocent. Therefore, Gelfman's execution was officially postponed until forty days after childbirth, and in the meantime she would stay in the harsh Peter and Paul Fortress prison. Three months later, thanks to the campaign against her execution in the foreign press, her sentence was exchanged for an indefinite period of katorga and she was transferred back to the remand prison where she had been held before.

Gelfman gave birth in detention in October 1881. Upon the request of the Department of Police, her childbirth was assisted by a gynaecologist who was also employed by the Imperial court, something unprecedented. She had a severe maternal complication, as her perineum was torn. It was rumoured that the gynaecologist had refused the prison doctor's suggestion to sew the wound together; in any case, it never healed. She remained delirious during some of the postnatal period. By November 24, she had developed peritonitis, which became acute on January 17 1882. She nevertheless nursed her daughter from her birth in October until January 25, when the baby was taken away from her, placed in an orphanage and registered as a child of unknown parents. According to the subsequent medical report, the peritonitis became general and caused fever on the same day. Six days later, Gelfman died. Her child soon died of an unknown disease as well.^[2][3][4]

[edit] Consequences

The importance of Gelfman's role in the assassination was much exaggerated, and her Jewish origins stressed, during the pogroms that followed the assassination.^[5] Another conspirator, Ignacy Hryniewiecki, was also rumored to be Jewish, though there seems to have been no basis for this. The assassination was thus blamed by many on "the Jews," a view which was still to be found on certain internet sites^[6] in 2007.

[edit] See also

• Nihilist movement

[edit] References

• Spartacus Schoolnet
• W. Bruce Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia