Welcome to roadip.com on July 5 2009.
This is an internet experiment running to monitor browsing habbits of individuals through wikipedia contents.

Kamboj

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Sister project Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Kambojs (Hindi: कम्बोज kamboj, Urdu: کمبوہ kamboh, Punjabi: ਕਮ੍ਬੋਜ kamboj) are an ethnic community of the Punjab region. They are the modern representatives of ancient Kambojas, a well known Kshatriya tribe of Iron Age India, said to have Indian as well as Iranian affinities.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Kamboj is frequently used as surname in lieu of the sub-caste or the gotra name by many Kambojs of Punjab, India. Their Muslim counterparts living in Pakistan mostly use last name Kamboh instead of the gotra name.

Contents

[edit] Early history

Main article: Kambojas
Further information: Kambojas in Indian literature

The Kambojas were a people of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in (post-Vedic) Sanskrit literature, making their first appearance in the Mahabharata and contemporary Vedanga literature (roughly from the 5th century BCE). Their Kamboja Kingdoms were likely located in regions on both sides of the Hindukush (see Kamboja Location). They apparently qualify as an Indo-Iranian people, better as Iranians, cognate to the Indo-Scythians. "It seems from some inscriptions that the Kambojas were a royal clan of the Sakas better known under the Greek name of Scyths" [8] [9] [10] [11] [12].

In the wake of Indo-Scythian invasion of India during the pre-Kushana period, Kambojas appear to have migrated to Bengal, Sri Lanka and Cambodia in the period spanning the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE. Their descendants held various principalities in Medieval India, the one in north-west Bengal being seized, around middle of tenth century CE, from the Palas in Bengal.

Taarikh Aale Kambojia ---------(latest edition)

'Taarikh Aale Kambojia' (meaning The history of Kamboj nation) is a wonderful, informative Urdu book written in this context. The book is based on more than 20 years of research by late 'Chaudhry Allah Ditta Kamboh Majithia' (1921-2002), a Muslim Kamboh who migrated from Amritsar (India) to Lahore (Pakistan) during Indo-Pak partition in 1947. It is available at most Libraries in Lahore, including the Punjab Public Library.

[edit] Kamboj/Kamboh during Muslim rule

Main article: Kamboj in Muslim and British Era

During early years of Islam in India, one of the groups of this clan embraced Islam at the instance of Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya Suhrawardi (of Multan) and his son Shaikh Sadruddin [13].

Muslim Kambohs/Kambojs were very influential and powerful during Lodhi and Moghul rule. Miyan Jumman Khan Kamboh was "Hajib-i-Khas" (Special Lord of Bed Chamber) [14], Umar Khan Kamboh was Amir-i-Akhur (Minister of Cavalry department) [15] and Miyan Ladan Khan Kamboh was an Imam [16] and Royal Nadim of Sikandar Lodhi [17]. Shaikh Itmad-ul-Malik Sambhal was Amir-i-Arz (Paymaster General) and then Prime Minister of Sher Shah Suri. General Shahbaz Khan Kamboh was the most capable and trusted general of the Akbar [18][19][20]. He had been "Mir Tozak" (Quarter Master General/Master of Ceremonies), "Mir Bakshi" (Lord Pay Master General/Chief Military Adviser), and "Wakil" (Highest Mughal Administrative Officer, Prime Minister) of Emperor Akbar [21][22]. As a Governor of Bengal in 1581, Shabaz Khan had distinguished himself greatly and had commanded 9000 strong cavalry in Bengal when operating in Brahmputra, [23]. Shaikh Gadai Kamboh had been "Sadru-s-Sadur" or "Sadar-i-Jahan" (Administrator General or Lord Chief Justice) in Akbar's reign.[24][25]. Nawab Saddullah Khan Chanyoti was the Prime Minister [26] and General Nawab Bahadur Kamboh had been very active and intelligent military officer and Vizier (Minister) in the court of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan [27]. General Nawab Khair Andesh Khan held a mansab of 5000 horsemen during reign of Aurangzeb and of 6000 during Bahadur Shah's reign [28] and had been governor of Katehr (Rohilkhand), Bihar, Etawah, Bengal, Kalabagh and Hamuiri at different times of his life [29][30][31].

Numerous other Kamboj are known to have occupied very key military and civil positions during Lodhi, Pashtun and the Moghul reign in India. "The Sayyids and the Kambohs among the Indian Muslims were specially favored for high military and civil positions during Moghul rule" [32][33][34][35].

"The Kambo, Indian Shaikh-zadas and local Saiyid nobles rose to prominence during the period under review" (i.e. Lodi dynasty of Delhi) [36].

Muhammad Umar writes: "The (Muslim) Kamboh distinguished themselves by their courage, generosity and high spirits. They were famous for their excellent manners and were particularly gifted with wisdom and nobility....In terms of social stratification, the Kambohs were counted among the Shaikhs.....Among the Indian Muslims, the Kambohs were regarded as the noblest of all. However, perhaps with a view to maintaining the purity of their descent, or because of pride of nobility, they confined their matrimonial relationships within their own groups and did not establish marriage connections with other Muslim groups including even the Saiyids and the Mughals. Some members of this clan like Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, Nawab Abu Muhammad Khan, Bahadur Khan and Nawab Khair Andesh Khan rose to high positions during the reign of Mughals" [37].

Ain-i-Akbari of Abu-Al-Fazal Alami (Trans. H. Blochman) informs us that it was a matter of distinction to belong to the Kamboh lineage during the reigns of Mughal emperors like Akbar and Jahangir [38][39][40][41].

The Kambohs held Nakodar in Jullundur [42][43] and Sohna in Gurgaon some centuries ago; and the tombs and mosques that they have left (in Sohna) show that they must have enjoyed considerable position.[44][45][46]

[edit] Kamboj/Kamboh on the touchstone of Rajput 'definition'

Sir Denzil Ibbetson defines Rajput tribe as “a tribe of any caste whatever which had in ancient times possessed supreme power throughout any fairly extensive tract of country, would be classed as a Rajput tribe” [47]. Later authorities H. A. Rose and others extend the definition a little further and define Rajput tribe as “ a tribe of any caste whatever, which had in ancient times (or even in comparatively modern times), possessed supreme power throughout any fairly extensive tract of country would be classed as Rajput” [48]. It is quite amusing to read the Punjab Castes, by Sir Denzil Ibbetson and the Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab, by H. A. Rose where many of the tribes designated by them as Rajputs have never possessed at any time any supreme power throughout any fairly extensive tract of country, whereas the Kambojs or Kambohs (the modern representatives of ancient Kambojas) who founded and held several kingdoms in the ancient as well as early medieval times like Kamboja and Parama Kamboja kingdoms as attested in the Mahabharata [49] as well as in they Valmiki Ramayana [50]; Kamboja Mahajanapada as attested by ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya [51] as well as by an equally ancient commentarial work Chulla-Niddesa [52][53]; a Kamboja Monarchy as well as some Ganas/Samghas of the Kamboj Kshatriyas as attested by Panini [54]; Self-ruling Kamboj-Samghas as attested by king Asoka in his Rock Edicts V and XIII; the Kshatriya Samghas (i.e. Corporations of Warriors) of the Kambhojas as attested by Kautiliya in his Arthashastra [55][56]; the Kamboja kingdom adjacent to the Daradas and Bahlikas as attested by various Puranic texts [57]; one Kamboja principality and one Kambhoja principality (post-Christian), located in south-west and southern India respectively, as attested in the Agni Purana [58] as well as in the Garuda Purana [59]; the Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal (q.v.); the Kamboja dynasty of Kolaba/Raigad district in Bombay presidency (See Prince Vishnupalita Kambhoja); Kambuja kingdom in Indo-China (See: Kambojas and Cambodia) and lastly but not the least, the Kamboja colonizers of Sri Lanka (See: Kamboja colonists of Sri Lanka) were conveniently, ignorantly or otherwise prejudicedly excluded from the list of the Rajput tribes of India. As one British authority Lt Col J. M. Wikeley has rightly observed, a prejudice has existed against the Kamboh tribe among the writers who wrote on Punjab/Indian ethnography. We are informed by numerous ancient Sanskrit texts like Ashtadhyayi of Panini [60], Manusmriti [61], Mahabharata [62], Kautiliya’s Arthashastra [63], Harivamsa [64], Vayu Purana [65], Brahmanda Purana [66] and several other authorites that the ancestors of the modern Kambojs/Kambohs, in ancient times, were prominent Kshatriyas [67] and were established in the Kshatriya-Dharama as a warriors and a rulers [68][69]. Their rulers have been styled Rajaniyas as well as Kshatriyas in the ancient texts. While the term Rajput is only a recent phenomenon and became popular only after 9th century AD, the Kshatriya designation on the other hand goes deep into remote antiquity and the ancestors of the Kambojs/Kambohs were undoubtedly included in the Kshatriya list as attested by afore-said ancient references.

But notably as A. A. Macdonnel and A. B. Keith have also observed: '"the (ancient) term Kshatriya retains a shade of superiority over Rajput" [70][71].

For The Kamboja principalities in West/Southwest India, See also: [9])

[edit] Kamboj/Kamboh in Modern Times

The modern representatives of Ancient Kamboja who still call themselves Kamboj (or prikritic Kamboh, or Kamoz) or Kambhoj are estimated to be around 1.5 million and the rest of the Kamboja population, over the time, has submerged with other occupationalized castes/groups of the Indian sub-continent. Consequently, one can notice numerous of their sub-caste names over-lap with those of other communities of northern India like the Khatris, Rajputs, Tarkhans, Jats, Brahmins, Arains etc [72].

The Kambojs of the north, by tradition, are divided into 52 and 84 clans. 52 line is stated to be descendants of Cadet branch and 84 from the elder Branch. This is claimed as referring to the young and elder military divisions under which they had fought the Bharata War. Numerous of their clan names overlap with other Kshatriyas and the Rajput castes of the north-west India, thereby suggesting that some of the Kshatriya/Rajput clans of north-west must have descended from the Ancient Kambojas.[73]

The Kambojs/Kambohs practiced weapon-worship in the past but the practice is now going out of vogue.[74]

[edit] Diaspora

The Kamboj or Kamboh living in upper India (Greater Punjab) are identified as the modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas [75]. They are found as Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists and the Jains. Kambojs are known as adventurous and enterprising people. Therefore, as a colonists, servicemen, politicians and businessmen, they have also spread, after the partition, into various parts of India, including a belt of Haryana from Sirsa to Hisar and Karnal to Yamunanagar, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Ganganagar in Rajasthan, Nainital, Dehradoon and Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar in Uttarakhand and Madhya Pradesh. There is also minuscule Kambhoj (jaina) community living since olden times near Nanded in Maharashtra, possibly the dwindling remnant of ancient Kambojas who had settled southwest India around the Christian era. (See links: [10] , [11] ) [76]. The community obviously seems to have mixed with the local communities over time and imbibed local cultures and languages.

The Tajiks, Siyahposh tribe (Kam/Kamoz, Katir/Kamtoz) of Nuristan, Yashkuns, Swatis, and the Yusufzais of Eastern Afghanistan and NWFP of Pakistan are said by various scholars to have descended from the ancient Kambojas.[77]

Scholars also hold that the Kammas of Andhra Pradesh, the Khampas or Khambas/Khambus of Tibet and the Kambis/Kumbis of Gujarat are the distant relatives of the Kambojs of Indian Punjab and the Kambohs of Pakistan; they are the modern representatives of ancient Kambojas who came to India from Central Asia about three thousands years ago [78].

The author of Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency and several other scholars hold that the Kambus (i.e. Kambohs/Kambojs) of Punjab are an offshoot of the Afghan stock[79][80][81][82].

[edit] Traditions

The Kambohs are stated to be the ancient inhabitants of Persia.[83].

The Sikh Kamboj of Kapurthala & Jullundur (Punjab) claim descent from Raja Karan [84]. They also have a tradition that their ancestors came from Kashmir.[85]

Hindu Kambohs claim to be related to the Rajputs and to have come from Persia through southern Afghanistan.[86] The Chapter III of Gazetteer of Muzaffarnagar (UP) based on British India census reports of 1881/1891 etc note that about 1200 Muslim and Hindu Kamboj were living in Saharanpur who also claimed to be Rajputs. The Kamboj in Phillaur, District Jullundur, too claimed to be Suryavanshi Rajputs.[87] The Kambohs of Bijnor claim that they came from Trans-Indus country and Mr Purser accepts this as evidently true. Many of the Bijnor Kambohs also have a tradition that they are of the same ethnic stock as the Chattris or Khatris [88]. "In the Census of 1891, it is reported that the Kamboh, who lived around Mathura in the United Province (Uttar Pradesh), were originally Kshatriyas" [89][90][91]. The Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] asserts that the Kambohs are probably related to the Khatris [92]. The Hindu Kambohs from Karnal claim their origin from Garh-Gajni. Their Pandits still pronounce the following couplet at the phera during their marriage ceremony to give information about their original home: Garh Gajni nikaas, Lachhoti Ghaggar vaas (Trans: Originated from the fort of Gajni, and settled down in Ghaggar region (in Haryana or Punjab)). One Gajni or Ghazni is located in Afghanistan, but based on another tradition of the Karnal Kamboj, the eminent ethnographers like H. A. Rose and several other scholars have identified this Gajni in Kambay in Saurashtra (port of Vallabhi)[93]

Muslim Kambohs have a tradition that they descended from ancient Kai dynasty of Persia, to which the emperors Kaikaus, Kaikhusro, Kaikubad, Kai-lehrashab and Darius all belonged. On the last king of the dynasty having been dethroned, and expelled from the country, he wandered about some time with his family and dependents in the neighboring countries and finally settled in Punjab[20][94][95][96][97].[98][99][100][101][102][103]

[edit] Agriculturists

The modern Kamboj are still found living chiefly by agriculture, business and military service which were the chief professions followed by their Kamboja ancestors some 2500 years ago as powerfully attested by Arthashastra[104] and Brihat Samhita.[105] Numerous foreign and Indian writers have described the modern Kambojs/Kambohs as one of the finest class of agriculturists of India.[106] British colonial writers such as H. A. Rose and Denzil Charles J. Ibbetson note the Kamboj and Ahir agriculturists as the first rank husbandmen.[107] They occupy exactly the same position in general farming as the Ramgarhias occupy in general industry.

The Kambojs have made great contributions in agriculture and military fields. The majority of Krishi Pandit awards in Rajasthan/India have been won by the Kamboj agriculturists[108] . Col Lal Singh Kamboj, a landlord from Uttar Pradesh, was the first Indian farmer to win the prestigious Padam Shri Award for progressive farming in 1968 from President of India. According to M. S. Randhawa (Ex-Vice Chancellor, Punjab University), "For sheer tenacity and persistence no body can beat Kambohs"[109][110].

[edit] Physical Characteristics

Several foreign and indigenous observers have described the modern Kambojs as very industrious, stiff-necked, hardy, turbulent, skillful, provident and an enterprising race [111]. British commentator, William Crooke, observes that "The Kambohs are a hardy independent people and do not pay much deference to the leading castes" [112][113]. Some commentators have described the Kambohs/Kambojs as "ethnically more akin to the Afghans than to any of the 'meek Hindu races' of the plains of India wherein they have now settled for generations".[114][115][116]

There is a medieval era Persian proverb (verse) current in the north-west to the effect that of the Afghans, the Kambohs (Kamboj) and the Kashmiris... all three are rogues.[117][118][119] Blochman comments on this proverb: "This verse is very modern, for during the reigns of Akbar and Jehangir, it was certainly a distinction to belong to the Kamboh tribe" [120][121][122][123][124].

This old proverb seems to convey the historical fact that in the distant past, the Persians, the Afghans, the Kambojs/Kambohs and the Kasmiris lived more or less as neighbors and belonged to one inter-related racial group.

Against the above proverb and with reference to the Kambohs/Kambojs, other investigators and scholars like Sardar Gurdial Singh note that "during the reign of terror, it were the Kambojs/Kambohs only who were most trusted by the rich bankers for carrying their cash in the disguise of faqirs" [125]. British ethnographer H. A. Rose also states that: "As agents to the bankers, the Kambohs are much trusted" .[126][127] The honesty and integrity of the Kamboj/Kamboh community of Punjab is proverbial.[128]

The Kamboj integrity and honesty has also been specifically acknowledged in the Census Report of India, 1881 by Denzil Ibbetson.[129]

The Kambojs are also proverbial in Hindustan for 'their sagacity, sharpness of intellect and quickness of apprehension' (perception or understanding).[130][131][132][133][134][135].

The Kambojs have also been noted for their courage, tenacity and stamina for fighting. They (Kamboj) make excellent soldiers, being of very fine physique and possessing great courage.....They have always been noted for their cunning strategy, which now, being far less 'slim' than in former times, has developed into the permissible strategy of war.[136][137].

"The (Muslim) Kamboh distinguished themselves by their courage, generosity and high spirits. They were famous for their excellent manners and were particularly gifted with wisdom and nobility" [138].

Modern Kamboj are a generally tall, well-built, sharp featured, and generally very yellow (gaura varna) race. "Pure blood Kamboj ladies are very beautiful and attractive".[139] Kamboj women have especially been noted for their beauty in ancient times too.[140][141][142][143] [144] [145] In ancient references, the Kambojas have been described as a "very handsome, very fortunate" race.[146] [147]. Ancient Kamboj princes have also been noted as tall like towers, exceedingly handsome and of gaura varna,[148] having faces illustrious like the full moon,[149] lotus eyed,[150] handsome like the lord-moon among the stars.[151] Even Ramayana calls the Kambojas as ravisanibha i.e. Kambojas with faces illustrious like the Sun.[152]

[edit] Kamboj/Kamboh vs Arain issue

W. E. Purser writes: “The Arains of Punjab claim descent from Rai Jaj, the grandson of Lava, the founder of Lahore. Jaj was ruler of Sirsa territory and on that account was called a Rae; and his descendants became known as Rain, hence Arain [153][154].......the Jalandhar Arains claim descent from Rai Bhutta, fifth in descent from Raja Karan, and were settled in Uch (in Multan)" [155]. The Arains of Sahiwal point out that they were Surajbansi Rajputs, originally settled around Delhi [156]. Arains of Ghaggar valley are also said to have been formerly Rajputs living on the Panjnad near Multan [157]. The Arains of Hissar also claim Rajput descent [158].

W. E. Purser and J. Wilson surmised that the difference between the Arains and the Kambohs/Kambojs was probably religious i.e the Arains are probably the Kambohs who have become Musalmans [159]. Against this Sir Denzil Ibbetson, H. A. Rose and other authorities including Lt Col J. M. Wikeley etc consider that this view is doubtful since a considerable proportion of the Kambohs of Amritsar, Lahore, Ferozepore, Patiala, Nabha and Malerkotla were Musalmans, although Musalman Arains were also numerous in those tracts. In some villages like Bhalowal in Jalandhar, there were inhabting the Arains as well as the Kambohs---both being Musalmans. It is therefore, doubtful whether this supposed relationship between the Kambohs and the Arains has any further basis than the fact that they both came from the west and are of equal agricultural repute... [160][161][162]. After a laborious and continuous research of many years, Lt. Col. J. M. Wikeley, in 1915, wrote a handbook for the Indian Army, 'Punjabi Musalmans' which describes the magnificent history of the people of Punjab from the old ages to this century [163]. In this book, Col. Wikeley has also rejected any supposed relationship between the Kambohs and the Arains---a tribe whose name he says is synonymous with Baghwan, Mali or Maliar and even a Jat in the South West Panjab. Col. Wikeley frankly admits that the idea of this "supposed relationship between the Kambohs and Arains is quite popular but evidently erroneous..... and a prejudice has existed against the Kambohs on this account. Several Kamboh Sardars had been Amirs (i.e. viziers or ministers) and Mansabdars in the Court of Akbar" [164]. They had also held exalted positions in the courts of Sultan Sikandar Lodhi, Sher Shah Suri and later Mughals [165].

Unfortunately, some half-baked modern scholars like Ahmed Abdulla of Pakistan and Syed Abdul Quddus of India etc have intentionally (or ignorantly) distorted Rai Jaj of Mr Purser to Rai Chajju and further have connected him erroneously to Ujjain in Malwa, rather than with Sirsa of the Arain traditions [166]. Further, both these writers have also mischievously related Rai Chajju (Rai Jaj of Mr Purser) to Raja Karan, the supposed ancestor of the Kambohs/Kambojs of Jalandhar (Punjab) [167][168], but curiously enough, they have not furnished 'any reason or evidence to prove the relationship between Raja Karan and Rae Jaj ( or Rai Chajju?).

[edit] Raja Karan vs other Communities of Punjab

Raja Karan is a highly prestigious but elusive figure in Punjab ethnology. The Kamboj tradition, as narrated by Punjab Mirasees, would certainly make the Kamboj Raja Karan identical to the Pandava/Kaurava Raja Karan of the Mahabharata, since both personages are known for their generosity and charity-giving. But Raja Karan of Mahabharata can not be same as the alleged Kamboja ancestor since the Kambojas pre-date this epic Raja Karan by many centuries.

Very curiously, besides the Kamboj/Kamboh people, many clans of the Jatts, Rajputs, Arains and other peoples of Punjab also boast of their descent from the same Raja Karan. See Link: [12]. If this Raja Karan was indeed the ancestor of the Kamboj people as is thoughtlessly asserted and propagated in the writings of these British colonial writers or their lieutenants like Ahmed Abdulla, Syed Abdul Quddus etc in order to establish a hypothetical connection between the Kamboj and the Arains, then, an inevitable consequence of this misdemeanor must also be faced-- that is, besides the Arains of Pakistan, many clans of the Jatts and Rajputs like the Dhillons, Gorayas, Sandas (Sandha?), Thathus/Thathas/Thathials, Naru/Narma/Narwa, Babbar, Khakh, Janjuhan (Janjua?), Kharrals, Harrals, Lakas, Langhas/Lahnghas, Bhuttas, Varyas/Barias, Barah/Warah, the Kathias of Ravi/Jhang, the Punwars, the Baghelas, the Balwanas, Pawars [169], many sections of the Rajputs from Kathiawar and the Kakezais of the Afghans etc--- all these must also be treated as a Kamboja breed. This may also make a sense since the people like Kambojs (and the Kathis and the Gujjars etc) are the oldest surviving tribal identities and rest of the people named above are simply the (later-time) derived castes/units from the ancient classical tribes like the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Paradas, Rishikas, Hunas, Gurjaras etc etc. The process of "occupationalization" (caste-formation) surely and slowly went on as the centuries rolled by, thus, finally emerging into a picture as we see it today.

See also Raja Karan: Raja Karan

[edit] No connection Between the Kambojs and Arains

There is no connection between the Arains and the Kamboj/Kamboh. The Kamboj have persistently denied any relation as Mr William Crook has commented. Whereas the term "Arain" is an occupational caste and is a mixture of diverse ethnic elements which occurred over the time, the term "Kamboj" represents purely a tribal name. William Crook also observes that none of the important clan names of the Arains occur in the 52 sub-division of the Kamboh/Kamboj [170]. In the undivided Punjab, the Moslem Kamboj and Moslem Arains were coexisting as distinct groups together with other communities like the Jatts, Rajputs etc; and in the same villages, there were found both the Moslem Arains as well as the Moslem Kambohs, hence the assertion of Mr W. E. Purser or J. Wilson that the Arains are merely the Kamboh converts to Islam loses all its argumental force. So much so, the later authorities like Sir Denzil Ibbetson, H. A. Rose, Col. J. M Wikeley and others had frankly admitted that the supposed relationship between the Arains and the Kambohs/(Kambojs) is doubtful and it does not perhaps have any further basis than the fact that both the Kambohs as well as Arains came from the west and that both are of equal agricultural repute etc... [171]. Citing several forceful arguments, independent and unbiased scholars like Principal Sewa Singh, have rejected in toto the hypthesis on Arain connections with the Kambojs [172]. Of the numerous castes of the Kamboj, only about twenty unimportant clan names overlap with the Arains. Thus, Gaure, Momi, Handa are the only important clans of the Kamboj shared with the Arains [173]. On the other hand, over sixty of Arain clans overlap with those of the Punjab Jatts, and about twenty with those of the Rajputs. Some important Arain clans overlapping with the Rajputs are Siroha, Janjua, Chauhan, Bhatti, Bhutta (or Bhutto), Chachar, Indrai/Indhar, Joiya, Khokhar etc. Hence, like the Rajputs and the Jatts, the Arains also represent an occupational caste, rather than a single ethnic group which the Kamboj undoubtedly are, and therefore, the Arains, in all probability, are a mixture of numerous diverse ethnic elements from the ancient Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Hunas, Gurjaras etc. It is notable that the title of Mahar is prevalent both among the Arains as well as the Gujjars [174].

[edit] List of Kamboj Gotras (clans)

For more expanded list of Kamboj clans visit: [13]

52 Gotras: Azad, Abdal, Ajpal/Ajapal, Angiarey, Asoi, Bahujad, Bage, Ban/Bhaun/Bhawan, Barar, Batti/Bhatti, Basra, Chak, Chandi, Chandna/Chandne/Chand, Chatrath, Daberah, Dhot/Dhat/Dhudi, Dhanju, Dote, Dulai, Handa/Handey, Joiya/Jaiya/Jie, Jammu, Jaspal/Jakhpal, Jatmal, Josan/Jossan, Jaura/Jaure, Judge/Juj, Kadi or Karhi, Khere, Kosle/Kausle, Karanpal, Kaura/Kaure, Kayar/Kaiyar, Khinda/Khinde/Khande, Kirgil, Lori/Laure, Mardak, Mehrok/Mehroke/Mirok/Marok, Momi, Mutti/Moti, Nandha/Nanda/Nandey, Nagpal, Nagri/Nagra, Nandan, Nibber/Nibher, Padhu/Pandhu, Patanroy/Patanrai, Pran, Ratanpal, Sama/Samey, Sandha/Sandhey, Sandher, Sandheyer/Sandheer, Sawan, Soi/Sohi, Shahi/Sahi, Suner, Tandne/Tandna, Tarikha/Trikhe/Trikh, Thind, Tume, Turne/Turna, Vinayak, Pathan/Pathane, Unmal.

84 Gotras : Aglawe/Aglawey, Ambri/Ambrey, Angotre, Bagyan, Bahia, Bala/Bali, Bangwa/Bangwai, Bangar/Bangare, Banjahal/Bhunjal, Banur, Barham, Bargote/Barhgotey, Bassi/Basi, Bastorh, Beeharh/Beharh, Bhujang, Brahman/Behman, Chamri/Chimre, Chaupal/Chaufal, Cherta/Churta/Churawat, Chhanan/Chhiyanwe, Chhichhoti/Chhichhote/Chhachhate/Chhachha, Chichare/Chachare, Chimne/Chimni/Chimna, Chine/Chini/China, Churiye/Chirwey/Chidey/Charway, Dange, Datane/Dotane/Datana/Dutane, Dehar/Dehal, Dehgal/Duggal, Dhare, Dheel/Dhillan, Dhehte, Dode, Doliyan, Fokni, Gadre or Gadra, Gagre/Gagra, Gagwaik, Gande/Gandi, Gandheyor/Gandhare/Gandhi, Gaure/Gore/Rai Gore/Gori, Geelawe, Ghasitey, Gogan/Gugan, Gosiley, Gal/Gayile, Ghangra, Harse, Jade/Jarhe, Jagman, Judge Jande/Jandu, Jangle/Jangla, Jhamb/Jham, Jhand/Jhandu, / Camari/Kamari/Kamare, Khokhar, Kokar/Kakar/Kakra, Kukri/Kukar, Lahre/Lehri, Lakhi, Lahndey/Landei, Late/Lata, Lahange/Lahinga/Lahinde, Lall, Machhliye/Machhle, Magu/Mage, Mahesi/Mahes, Makore/Makkar, Mall, Momsarang, Sarang, Mandey/Mande, Melle/Malle, Multani, Nagambr/Nigambar, Nehriye/Nehre/Ner/Naru/Nehru/Nauhriye, Nepal/Nipal/Naipal, Nuri, Pandey/Pandhey, Padhasi, Rindi, Sainik, Sandle, Sathand, Senpati/Senapati, Sapre Or Sapra/Sawre, Sarnote/Sarkude, Satte, Sauki/Soki, Soni, Suhagi/Suhage/Suage, Sunehre, Silahre/Sulahre/Sulare/Sular/Sulehre, Sulhiro, Tande, Tagal/Tugal, Taparhiye, Thathai/Thathaiya/Thathe, Thingrey/Thengrey.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ See: Vedic index of names & subjects by Arthur Anthony Macdonnel, Arthur. B Keath, I.84, p 138.
  2. ^ Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata, 1970, p 107, Ram Chandra Jain.
  3. ^ The Journal of Asian Studies, 1956, p 384, Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.).
  4. ^ Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt, 1989, p 2, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī.
  5. ^ India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, p 49, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.
  6. ^ Afghanistan, p 58, W. K. Fraser, M. C. Gillet.
  7. ^ Afghanistan, its People, its Society, its Culture, Donal N. Wilber, 1962, p 80, 311 etc.
  8. ^ Ref: La vieille route de l'Inde de Bactres à Taxila, p 271, Alfred A. Foucher. See Also - Rock Edict 13, 30 (see Bloch)..
  9. ^ See also entry: Kamboja in online "Heritage du Sanskrit Dictionnaire, Sanskrit-Francais", 2008, p 101, Gerard Huet, which defines Kamboja as: Clan royal Kamboja des Śakās i.e Kambojas, a royal clan of the Sakas/Scythians (See link: [1])
  10. ^ See ref: A bilingual Graeco-Aramaic edict by Aśoka: the first Greek inscription discovered in Afghanistan , 1964, p 17, Aśoka, Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, Giovanni Garbini - India, Published by Istituto italiano per il medio ed estremo Oriente, 1964
  11. ^ See further references: Watching Cambodia: Ten Paths to Enter the Cambodian Tangle‎, 1993, p 51, Serge Thion - History. See also: Tai World: A Digest of Articles from the Thai -Yunnan Project Newsletter‎, Andrew Walker, Nicholas Tapp - Folklore - 2001 or Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter (NEWSLETTER is edited by Scott Bamber and published in the Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies; printed at Central Printery; the masthead is by Susan Wigham of Graphic Design (all of The Australian National University); Cf: Indian Culture, 1934, p 193, Indian Research Institute - India; cf: Notes on Indo-Scythian chronology, Journal of Indian History, xii, 21; Corpus Inscrioptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, pp xxxvi, 36, S. Konow; Cf: History of Indian Administration, p 94, B. N. Puri.
  12. ^ IMPORTANT NOTE: Indian Epic Mahabharata (See: Mahabharata 5.19.21-23; See also: The Nations of India at the Battle Between the Pandavas and Kauravas, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1908, pp 313, 331, Dr F. E. Pargiter, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland) powerfully attests that Kamboja ruler Sudakshin Kamboj had marshaled and lead an Akshuni army of wrathful warriors which besides the Kambojas, also comprised a strong contingent from the Sakas (or Scythians). This fact clearly proves that the Sakas, in general, were subservient to the Kamboja ruler Sudakshina Kamboj and that Sudakshina's clan was ruling over the Sakas. Thus from epic evidence also, the Kambojas were indeed a royal or ruling Scythian clan and the Scythians had formed an indispensable part of the Kamboja army. Furthermore, the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions also connect yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuia (Kamboja) and his daughter Aiyasi Kamuia (Kamboja), chief queen of the Scythian Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula, to the imperial house ruling in Taxila (See: Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions, Edition 1991, p 36, Sten Konow)
  13. ^ Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century, 1998, pp 24, 25 Muhammad Umar.
  14. ^ Medieval India: A Miscellany, 1972, p 31, edited by K.A. Nizami - History; History of Sher Shah Sur, 1971, p 137, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi.
  15. ^ Religious and Intellectual History of the Muslims in Akbar's Reign, with Special Reference to Abuʾl Fazl, 1556-1605: with special reference to Abul Fazi: (1556-1605), 1975, p 186, Saiyid Ather Abbas Rizvi.
  16. ^ Medieval India: A Miscellany, 1972, p 31, Editor: K.A. Nizami - History; History of Sher Shah Sur, 1971, p 171, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi - India; Shershah Suri and His Dynasty, 1995, p 185, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi.
  17. ^ Medieval India: Essays in Intellectual Thought and Culture, 2003, p 100, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi - India; Indo-iranica, 1990, p 9, Iran Society; Hamdard Islamicus: Quarterly Journal of the Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan, 1987, p 65, Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan - Islam.
  18. ^ Islamic Thought and Movements in the Subcontinent, 711-1947, 1979, p 278, Syed Moinul Haq - Islam.
  19. ^ Discovery of Pakistan: By A. Aziz. [2d Rev. Ed.], 1964, p 71, Abdul Aziz - Pakistan.
  20. ^ a b The Sikhs, p 57, A. H. Bingley.
  21. ^ The Dhakhirat Ul-Khawanin of Shaikh Farid Bhakkari: A Biographical Dictionary of Mughal Noblemen, 1993, p 107, Farīd Bhakkari, Shaikh Farid Bhakkari, Ziyaud-Din A. Desai.
  22. ^ The Ain i Akbari, 1873, p 399, Abū al-Faz̤l ibn Mubārak, Trans: Henry Blochmann, Henry Sullivan Jarrett.
  23. ^ Aina-i-Akbari, Blochman’s trans, I, p 399-402.
  24. ^ Muntak̲h̲abu-t-tawārīk̲h̲, p 7, Abd al-Qādir ibn Mulūk Shāh Badāʼūnī.
  25. ^ Glossary of Tribes, Vol I, H. A. Rose
  26. ^ Kamboj Itihaas, 1972, p 79, H. S. Thind.
  27. ^ Shah Jahan, 1975, p 35, Henry Miers Elliot; A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, from the Advent of Islam to the Death of Aurangzeb: From the Advent of Islam to the Death of Aurangzeb, 1965, p 490, Ishwari Prasad; History of India, 1906, p 279, Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Vincent A. Smith, Stanley Lane-Poole, Henry Miers Elliot, William Wilson Hunter, Alfred Comyn Lyall, Amil-i-Salih, III, 247, Muhammad Sallih.
  28. ^ Tarikh-i-Qaum kamboh, p 317-18, Chaudhry Muhammad Yusuf Hasan; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 244, Kirpal Singh; Kamboj Itihaas, 1972, p 79, H. S. Thind.
  29. ^ Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western, 1876, p 292, North-western provinces; District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 1904 edition, p 87.
  30. ^ Leadership and Local Politics, 1979, p 158, Shree Nagesh Jha
  31. ^ Tarikh-i-Qaum Kamboh, 1996, p 317-18, Muhammad Yousaf, The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 244, Kirpal Singh.
  32. ^ See: The composition of the Mughal nobility, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993, p 70, Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., Robert McHenry; See also: Concise Encyclopedia Britannica, Online.
  33. ^ The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb, 2002, p 21, M. Athar Ali.
  34. ^ cf: Cultural History of India, 1975, p 261, A. L. Basham.
  35. ^ Cf: Aristocracy in Medieval India, 1993, p 124, Dhirendra Nath Ojha.
  36. ^ Some Aspects of Afghan Despotism in India, 1969, pp 59, 23 Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi - Lodi dynasty.
  37. ^ Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century, 1998, pp 24, 25 Muhammad Umar; See also: observations made by Saiyid Shah Hamza of Marehra (UP) on the early history of the Kambohs in his Kashif-ul-astar, ca 1277 H/1860 AD).
  38. ^ Ain-i-Akbari, Abu-al-Fazal, English Trans by H. Blochmann, Part I, p 614.
  39. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the north-western Provinces and Oudh, Vol III, p 120, William Crooke.
  40. ^ REPORT ON THE REVISED LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY DISTRICT IN ..., 1878, p 50, fn, W. E. Purser, C. A. Roe.
  41. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1899, p 14, Sir James MacNabb Campbell, Reginald Edward Enthoven [2].
  42. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, p 180, William Wilson Hunter.
  43. ^ Punjab gazetteers, 1883, bound in 10 vols., without title-leaves, 1883, p 159, Punjab.
  44. ^ Glossary of Tribes, p 443, H. A. Rose; Panjab Castes, p 148, Denzil Ibbetson .
  45. ^ Punjabi Musalmans, 1991, p 89, J. M. Wikeley.
  46. ^ Panjab Castes: "Being a Reprint of the Chapter on "The Races, Castes, and Tribes of the People" in the Report on the Census of the Panjab Published in 1883 by the Late Sir Denzil Ibbetson, K.C.S.I., p 201, Denzil Ibbetson.
  47. ^ Punjab Castes, 1974, p 99, Sir Denzil Ibbetson.
  48. ^ Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province‎, Vol III, 1882, p 272, H. A. Rose, Denzil Ibbestson, Sir Edward Maclagan.
  49. ^ Mahabharata II.27.22-27.
  50. ^ Ramayana 4.43.11-12.
  51. ^ Anguttara Nikaya I. p 213; IV. pp 252, 256, 261.
  52. ^ Chulla-Niddesa (P.T.S.), p 37.
  53. ^ Lord Mahāvīra and his times, 1974, p 197, Dr Kailash Chand Jain; The History and Culture of the Indian People, 1968, p lxv, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 7, K. D. Sethna.
  54. ^ Ashtadhyayi Sutras 4.1,168-175 & Ashtadshyayi: Sutra IV-1, 110; Nadadi gana IV-1, 99. IV.1.110.
  55. ^ Arthashastra XI.1.1-4.
  56. ^ CORPORATE LIFE IN ANCIENT INDIA,CORPORATE LIFE IN ANCIENT INDIA, 1922, p 29, RAMESH CHANDRA MAJUMDAR, M.A., Ph.D.
  57. ^ See: W Kirfel's list of Countries of Bharata-varsha, p 44; See also: Ancient Kamboja, 1971, p 65, H. W. Bailey.
  58. ^ Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 127; Ancient Kamboja, People and Country, 1981, p 305.
  59. ^ e.g: "The people of Pulinda, Ashmaka and Jimutanya, as well Kambhojas, Karnatas and Ghatas are Dakshinapathvasi (i.e live in southern quarter); the people of Amvasthas, Dravidias, Lattas, Kambojas, Strimukhas, Sakas and Anarthas (Anartas) are Nairritis (i.e live in south-west quarter)"...See Garuda Purana, Trans: Manmatha Nath Dutt, 1908, p 148..
  60. ^ Ashtadhyayi IV.1.168-175.
  61. ^ (Manusmriti, X.43-44). .
  62. ^ Mahabharata 02.5.18-19; Mahabharata 13.33.20-21. Cf also: Mahabharata 13.35.17-18.
  63. ^ Arthashastra 11.1.1-4.
  64. ^ Harivamsa, 14.17..
  65. ^ Vayu Purana: v 88.127-43.
  66. ^ Brahmanda Purana, 3.41.36; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 19, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 15, S. Kirpal Singh.
  67. ^ Indological studies‎, 1962, p 15, History; Some Kṣatriya tribes of ancient India‎, 1924, p 241, Dr B. C. Law - Kshatriyas.
  68. ^ See: Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD, 1978, p 125, Uma Prasad Thapliyal - India Civilization.
  69. ^ See also: Sabha Parava, Udyoga Parva, Bhishma Parva, Drona Parva, Karna Parva, Shalya Parva sections of the Mahabharata.
  70. ^ Vedic Index, II, p 218, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Arthur Berriedale Keith.
  71. ^ Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province‎, Vol III, 1882, p 272, fn 2, H. A. Rose, Denzil Ibbestson, Sir Edward Maclagan.
  72. ^ IMPORTANT NOTE: In this connection, the views of scholars like V. A. Smith and Col James Tod etc may be noted. V. A Smith states that "the Kshatriya or Rajput group of castes in India is at present essentially an occupational group composed of all clans, following the Hindu rituals, who actually undertook the work of government; consequently, people of most diverse races were and are lumped together as Rajputs; and most of the great Rajput clans now in existence, INSPITE OF THEIR HOARY PEDEGREES, are either descended from foreign immigrants" (i.e obviously like the Sakas, Pahlavas, Kambojas, Hunas, Kunshans etc) or from the indigenous races (like the Gonds and Bhars). According to Col James Tod also, the Rajputs were descendants of the foreign invading tribes like the Sakas, Hunas, Kushans, Gurjaras etc (the list is suggestive only and not exhaustive...exhaustive list also includes the Kambojas, Pahlavas, Yavanas etc). At the time of Col James Tod, Rock Edicts V and XIII of King Asoka (found at Shahbazgarhi/Peshawar and Mansehra/Hazara, which refer to the Kambojas/Yonas etc as the MOST PROMINENT SELF-RULING PEOPLE of north-west...Per H. C Raychaudhury, D. C. Sircar etc) had not yet been completely studied and published. The Shahbazgrahi Edicts of king Asoka were discovered and published in 1836 and his Mansehra Edicts were discovered/published in parts in 1839 and in 1889 AD (See: Asoka Text and Glossary, 1982, XI, XII, Alfered C. Wooler; Ancient India, 1962, p 252 seq, Vidya Dhar Mahajan; Buddhist Sites and Shrines in India: History, Art, and Architecture, 2003, p 317, D. C. Ahir)). The Shar-i-Kuna Inscription of Kandhahar/Afghanistan, which throws light on the Kambojas and the Yonas as very important and intimately connected people, was discovered only as alte as in 1957 AD. Furthermore, the Mathura Lion Capital Inscription which also attests the ROYAL CLAN STATUS of the Kambojas (Kamuia in Kharoshthi) was discovered from Mathura only in 1869 AD (again after death of Col James Tod). Now since James Tod's classic book "Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" had already been published in 1829 (Vol I) and in 1832 (Vol II), hence James Tod does not discuss the Kambojas among the royal races of northern India (Col Tod has referred to the Kambojas/Cambojas only three times in his classics, and that too in a very passing way). Had the above Inscriptions relating to the Kambojas been known and studied/scrutinized by Col James Tod, he must have given an important place to the Kambojas as an outstanding ancient Rajput clan of north-west. Both Col Tod and Prof Smith had regarded the Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts as if they were some people different from the Iranian or Indo-Iranian race. Curiously enough, they regarded the Kambojas from the Mongolian race and therefore, located them in Tibet/eastern parts of Hindukush, rather than in the Afghanistan/Tajikstan and thought that they may have been a perso-Mongol people (Persian speaking Mongolian Tribe). Had king Asoka's Rock Edicts V and XIII at Mansehra and at Shahbazgarhi been discovered/published by the time of Col James Tod, then the Kambojas (like the Sakas etc) are sure to have found a prominent mention and a place in the list of the 'foreign invading tribes whom Col James Tod and V. A. Smith had regarded as the most probable candidates as the ancestors of the modern Rajputs'. Unfortunately, king Asoka's Rock Edicts V and XIII as found from Mansehra and Shabazgarhi, Edict Shar-i-Kuna discovered from Kandhahar and the Mathura Lion Capital Inscription (discovered from Mathura) were discovered/published only after Col James Tod had already completed/published his classic book "Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" on Rajputs in 1829/32. And it is also very important to note that much of the information and knowledge about the ancient famous Kamboja tribes became available only after the first quarter of 20th century AD when Dr B. C. Law had published his famous research book "Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India" in 1924. Dr Law has plenteously demonstrated that the Kambojs were a very prominent Ksatriya/Rajput tribe of ancient India (See: Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, p 230-252, B. C. Law).
  73. ^ For overlap of Kamboj/Kshatriya clan names, see Glossary of Tribes, II, p 444, fn. iii.
  74. ^ Jatt Tribes of Zira, p 138; Glossary of Tribes, II, p 444
  75. ^ Memoirs on the history, folk-lore, and distribution of the races of the North Western Provinces of India: being an amplified edition of the original supplemental glossary of Indian terms, 1889, p 304, Henry Miers Elliot, John Beames - Ethnology; Die Holztempel des oberen Kulutales in ihren historischen, religiösen und kunstgeschichtlichen Zusammenhängen, 1974, p 124, Gabriele Jettmar; Report on the settlement of the land revenue of the Sultánpur district. [With] Accompaniments, 1873, p 88, A F. Millett; The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh‎, 1896, pp 458, William Crooke; Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1874, p 260, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India), Asiatic Society of Bengal; Kirāta-jana-kṛti1974, p 113, Suniti Kumar Chatterji; Inscriptions of Aśoka: translation and glossary, 1990, p 86, Beni Madhab Barua, Binayendra Nath Chaudhury; History, Religion and Culture of India‎, 2004, p 228, S. Gajrani; Encyclopedia of Jalandhar: Jalandhar, 2004, p 38, Harajindar Siṅgha Dilagīr; Geographical and economic studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana parva, 1945, pp 40, 131, Moti Chandra; Early History of India‎, 1942, p 2, Bhai Gulshan Rai; Political, Legal, and Military History of India‎, 1984, p 50, Harbans Singh Bhatia; Hindu polity a constitutional history of India in Hindu times Parts I and II‎, 1955, p 139, K. P. Jayaswal; British Mediation in the Danish-German Conflict‎, 1965, p 79, Holger Hjelholt; Geography from ancient Indian coins & seals, 1989, p 24, Parmanand Gupta; The Cultural Heritage of India : Itihäsas, Purän̈as, Dharma and other s̈ästras, 1953, p 615, Haridāsa Bhaṭṭācāryya, Ramakrishna Mission. Institute of Culture, Suniti Kumar Chatterji; The Problems of Indian Society, 1968, p 69, Devabrata Bose; Vishveshvaranand Indological journal‎, 1992, p 206, Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies; Epigraphia zeylanica: being lithic and other inscriptions of Ceylon‎, 1928, p 75, Ceylon Archeological Dept - Inscriptions, Sinhalese; India and the world: researches in India's policies, contacts, and relationships with other countries and peoples of the world, 1964, p 154, Buddha Prakash; Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 168, M. R. Singh; Literary history of ancient India in relation to its racial and linguistic affiliations, 1953, Chandra Chakraberty; Punjab District Gazetteers, 1970, p 85, Punjab (India); Punjab History Conference: 26th Session : Papers., 1994, p 225; Indo-Aryans: contributions towards the elucidation of their ancient and mediaeval history, 1881, p 187, Rājendralāla Mitra; Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes, 1997, p 89, Shyam Singh Shashi; Punjab history conference, 1996, p 44, Gursharan Singh; Indian cultural influence in Cambodia, 1964, p 273, Bijan Raj Chatterjee; People of India: An Introduction‎, 1992, p 164; Tribes of ancient India‎, 1977, p 99, Mamata Choudhury; People of India, 2003, p 1506, Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India - Ethnology - 2003 Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Ethnology; India's communities‎, 1998, p 1506, Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India - Social Science; History of origin of some clans in India, with special reference to Jats, 1992, p 149, Mangal Sen Jindal; The Calcutta Review, 1872, p 70, University of Calcutta; Farmers of India‎, 1959, p 103, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mohindar Singh Randhawa; Chandigarh: People of India‎, 1997, p 81, Swaran Singh, V. Bhalla, Anthropological Survey of India; Transactions, 1967, p 73, Indian Institute of Advanced Study; Folklore of the Punjab, 1971, p 7, S. S. Waṇajārā Bedī; History of Poros‎, 1967, p 12, Buddha Prakash; India and the world: researches in India's policies, contacts, and relationships with other countries and peoples of the world, 1964, p 154, Buddha Prakash; The People and Culture of Bengal, a Study in Origins: A Study in Origins‎, 2002, p 567, Annapurna Chattopadhyaya; Ref: (1) Aina Tarikhnama and (2) Gur Tirath Sangra—Qoted in : Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province‎, 1886, p 444, H.A. Rose, Sr Denzil Ibbetson, Sir Edward Maclagan
  76. ^ This Kambhoja country of southern India as hinted at by Syed Siraj ul Hassanis, in all probability, is the colonial settlement of the migrating Kambojas, who in alliance with the Sakas, Pahlavas had entered into and spread into south-western and southern India prior to/around the beginning of Christian era.
  77. ^ See various refs like: Ancient Kamboja, people and the Country, 1981, Kamboj, p 165, 248; Comprehensive History India, Vol II, p 118, N. K. Shastri; Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Ounjab, Buddha Parkash; Bharatbhumi aur unke Nivasi, Jaychandra Vidyalankar, p 313-14; Political History of Ancient India, Raychaudhury, 1996, p 133 etc.
  78. ^ India's Communities‎, 1992, p 1508, Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India - Ethnology; People of India, Punjab, Vol XXXVII, 2003, p 256, Kumar Suresh Singh; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 347, Kirpal Singh.
  79. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1904, p 14, Bombay (India: State)
  80. ^ See also:Indo Aryans: Contribution Towards the Elucidation of their Ancient and Medieval History, 1881, p 186-188, Rajendra Lal Mitra
  81. ^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal‎, 1874, p 260, Asiatic Society of Bengal - Physical sciences.
  82. ^ Journal, 1874, p 60, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Cf quote by William Crooke in: The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh‎, 1896, p 120 - Ethnology.
  83. ^ Panjab Castes, Denzil Ibbetson, p 148; Glossary of Tribes, H. A. Rose, p 443; Jatt Tribes of Zira, 1992, p 137, S. S. Gill; Tarikh-i-Kambohan, p 302, Chouhdri Wahhab ud-Din
  84. ^ See refs: Glossary of Tribes & Castes by H. Rose p 443-445; Also read: "Kamboh" in Panjab Castes by Denzil Ibbetson , pp 149/150; REPORT ON THE REVISED LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY DISTRICT IN ..., 1878, p 50, C. A. Roe and W. E. Purser; Gazetteer of the Montgomery District (Sahiwal), 1883-84, Edition 1990, p 68, Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab (Pakistan - Sahiwal District (Pakistan); The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, 1896, p 206, William Crooke - Ethnology; Folklore of the Punjab, 1971, p 8, Sohindara Siṅgha Waṇajārā Bedī - Folklore; Bibliotheca Indica, 1949, p 388, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatick Society (Calcutta, India); Punjabi Musalmans, 1991, p 89, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology; ʻAin-i-Akbari of Abul Fazl-i-ʻAllami , 1948, p 388, Abū al-Faz̤l ibn Mubārak, Jadunath Sarkar; The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People, 1973, p 128; An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan, 1987, p 100, Ahmed Abdulla; Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism, 1992, p 211, Syed Abdul Quddus - Punjab (India); See also: Kamboj Itihaas, p 7, 1972, H. S. Thind.
  85. ^ Glossary of Tribes, p 443, H. A. Rose; Panjab Castes, p 148, Denzil Ibbetson; Sidhaant Kaumudi, 1966, p 22, Acharya R. R. Pandey
  86. ^ The Sikh, A. H. Bingley, p 57; Encyclopedia of Sikh Religion & Culture, 1997, p 24, Gobind Singh Mansukhani, Romesh Chander Dogra; Punjabi Musalmans, 1991, p 89, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology.
  87. ^ Glossary of Tribes, Vol II, p 443 fn, H. A. Rose.
  88. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the north-western Provinces and Oudh, Vol III, p 119, William Crooke.
  89. ^ See: Tribes of Ancient India, 1977, p 99, Mamata Choudhury.
  90. ^ Encyclopedia of Indian Tribes 1995, p 89, Padamashri S. S. Sashi, S. S. Shahi.
  91. ^ The authors of both Tribes of Ancient India as well as The Encyclopedia of Indian Tribes also comment that in the Manu Samhita (10.43-44) as well in Mahabharata (13.33.20-21), the Kambojas, the ancestors of modern Kambohs, along with other tribes like the Yavanas, Sakas, Dravadas and Daradas etc have also been described as Kshatriyas, but were degraded to the state of sudras because of their non-observance of sacred rites and of their disrespect to the Brahmanas (p 90).
  92. ^ Rajasthan [district Gazetteers], Edition 2001, p 83, by Rajasthan (India).
  93. ^ Glossary of Castes, H. A. Rose, 1883, p 444; See entry at Kamboh, Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha etc
  94. ^ See: Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-west Frontier Province, Vol II, p 444, H. A. Rose.
  95. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh 1906, Page 119-120 William Crooke.
  96. ^ Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra und verwandtschaftliche Nachbarn, Reise-Ergebnisse und Studien – 1883, P 80, Philipp Wilhelm Adolf Bastian.
  97. ^ Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muzmirāt va rujhānāt 1989, p 1, Munīr Ahmad Marrī.
  98. ^ Supplementary Glossary, p 304, Sir H. M. Eliot.
  99. ^ In their writings G. S. Mansukhani, R. C. Dogra, J. L. Kamboj, K. S. Dardi etc. also refers to this tradition among the Muslim Kambojs claiming relationship with Royal lineage of Persia.
  100. ^ Also cf: The Indo-Aryans: Contribution Towards the Elucidation of their Ancient & Mediaeval History, 1881, p 188-89, Rajendra Lal Mitra.
  101. ^ Kai = Kaiyani = Kawi. Kawi means glory (Median: Farnah, Khotanese: Pharra)..."In Avesta, the xwarenah is called 'Kawyan', that is belonging to the Kawis or Kais. The Kais or Kawis were a partially a legendary dynasty of Eastern Iranian rulers. Xwarenah can be a creative power used by the gods or it can be a religious power. But generally it embodies the concept of good fortune. As a kind of fiery radiance, it would relate to the word for Sun (Xwar) (Old Iranian: Suvar) (hwar=to shine, xwar=to grasp)". (Malandra: 1983, p 88).
  102. ^ Kai or Kawi was a princely title in eastern Iran, or at least in the house of Zarathushtra's eventual patron, Vishtaspa. Zarathushtra attaches no pejorative connection to the title Kawi when it is applied to him. Zarathushtra eventually found a patron, the Kai/Kawi Vishtaspa, who not only espoused the new faith but protected it and helped propagate it by force of arms [3]
  103. ^ As the name Vishtaspa itself suggests, the Kai dynasty was apparently connected with the horses since Aspa in Iranian means horse. And so are the Kambojas---the Ashvakas or Aspasioi/Assakenoi of Arrian. Hence, the Kai ruler Vishtaspa might have been from the Ashvaka clan of the Kambojas
  104. ^ Kambhoja. Sauraastra.ksatriya.shreny.adayo vartta.shastra.upajivinah (||Arthashastra 11.1.04)
  105. ^ Panchala Kalinga Shurasenah Kamboja Udra Kirata shastra-varttah (Brhat Samhita 5.35ab).
  106. ^ Report on the revision of settlement of the Pánipat tahsil & Karnál parganah of the Karnál..., 1883, pp 1, 89; India and World War 1, 1978, p 218, DeWitt C. Ellinwood, S. D. Pradhan; The Transformation of Sikh Society, 1974, p 132, Ethne K. Marenco; Gazetteer of the Montgomery District (Sahiwal), 1883-84, 1990, p 67, Punjab (Pakistan); Report on the Revised Land Revenue Settlement of the Montgomery District in the Mooltan Division, p 49, C. A. Roe and W. E. Purser; Green Revolution, 1974, p 35, Business & Economics etc.
  107. ^ Panjab Castes, 1974, p 149, D. Ibbetson; Glossary, II, pp 6 & 442, H. A. Rose.
  108. ^ Origin of names of Castes and Clans, 2004,Principal Sewa Singh.
  109. ^ Out of the Ashes: An Account of the Rehabilitation of Refugees from West Pakistan in Rural Areas of East Punjab, 1954, p 60, M. S. Randhawa.
  110. ^ Cf: "The Kambos are an agricultural tribe unmatched for their hard work. Due to their tenacity and persistence, they have succeeded in getting the best land in the district allotted to them" (See: Haryana District Gazetteers, 1970, p 99, Kiran Prem - Haryana (India)).
  111. ^ A. H. Bingley, H. A. Rose, William Crooke etc.
  112. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the north-western Provinces and Oudh, Vol III, 1896, p 119, William Crooke.
  113. ^ Cf: Babu Sambhuchandra Mukerjee remarks: "Generally, they are independent of Brahmin and Kshatriya influence, and do not pay deference to the leading castes" (See ref: Indo-Aryans: contributions towards the elucidation of their ancient and mediæval history, 1881, p 187, Rājendralāla Mitra, Mitra).
  114. ^ See: Indo Aryans: Contribution Towards the Elucidation of their Ancient and Mediaeval History, 1881, p 187, Rajendra Lal Mitra .
  115. ^ See also: Tribes and Castes of North-western Province and Oudh, p 118, William Crooke.
  116. ^ cf also: The Sikhs, p 57, A. H. Bingley; These Kamboj People, 1979, p 192, S Kirpal Singh Dardi; See also The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 219.
  117. ^ .
    Agar kahat ul rijal uftad, azeshan uns kamgiri
    Eke Afghan, doyam Kamboh soyam badzat Kashmiri |
    Ze Afghan hila bhi ayad, ze Kamboh kina bhi ayad,
    Ze Kashmiri nami ayad bajuz andoho dilgiri ||
    — (Roebuck’s Oriental Proverbs, Part I. p. 99).
  118. ^ However, Richard F. Burton (Arabian Nights, Vol. 10, pp. 178-219) presents this proverb in the following form:
    Agar kaht-i-mardurn uftad, az ín sih jins kam gírí;
    Eki Afghán, dovvum Sindí,
    {NOTE: For "Sindí" Roebuck (Oriental Proverbs Part i. p. 99) has Kunbu (Kumboh) a Panjábi peasant and others vary the saying ad libitum.}
    siyyum badjins-i-Kashmírí:
    Trans: Though of men there be famine yet shun these three — Afghan, Sindi and rascally Kashmiri. [4]. See also [FN#404] of [5]
  119. ^ In one version of it, the three rogues stated are the Sindis, the Jats and the Kashmiris......See: Lady Burton, Arabian Nights, Vol IV, p 92; Tribes and Castes of North-western Province and Oudh, p 120, William Crooke.
  120. ^ Aina-i-Akbari, Abu-al-Fazl Ibn Mubark, 1975, p 436.
  121. ^ Ain-i-Akbari, Abu-al-Fazal, English Trans by H. Blochmann, Part I, p 614.
  122. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the north-western Provinces and Oudh, 1896, Vol III, p 120, William Crooke.
  123. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1899, Vol IX, Part II, p 14 (Mussalmans and Parsis), Sir James MacNabb Campbell, Reginald Edward Enthoven .
  124. ^ Cf: Report On Revised Land Ravenue Settlement of Montogomery, 1873, p 50, fn, C. A. Roe, W. E. Purser.
  125. ^ Rajasthan [district Gazetteers], 2001, p 77, Rajasthan (India).
  126. ^ Glossaray of Tribes of Punjab and North-west Printier Province, H. A. Rose, p 444-445; Punjab Castes, Sir Denzil Charles Ibbetson, Language Deptt., Punjab, Edition 1976, p 201-202.
  127. ^ Rajasthan [district Gazetteers], 2001, p 77, by Rajasthan (India); These Kamboj People (Historical & Cultural Study), 1979, p 345; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 358, Kirpal Singh.
  128. ^ cf also: Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 129, J.L. Kamboj.
  129. ^ See also: Kamboj Itihaas, 1972, p 87-88, H. S. Thind.
  130. ^ See: Ref: The Ain-i-Akbari of Abul Fazl, Vol I, p 399, translated by Blochmann and Jarrett, Read under Shahbaz Khan.
  131. ^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II - P 126, Satish Chandra.
  132. ^ The Maāthir-ul-umarā: Being Biographies of the Muhammādan and Hindu Officers, 1952, p 732, Shāhnavāz Khān Awrangābādī, ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn Shāhnavāz, Baini Prashad - History.
  133. ^ Bibliotheca Indica, 1952, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India) - Indic literature.
  134. ^ The Dhakhirat Ul-Khawanin of Shaikh Farid Bhakkari: A Biographical Dictionary of Mughal Noblemen, 1993 (edition), p 107, Shaikh Farid Bhakkari, Ziyaud-Din A. Desai.
  135. ^ History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani (1576) to the death of Jahangir, (1627): Mughal Period, edition 1992, p 166, Abdul Karim, Rajshahi University. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Published by Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi, Item notes: v.1.
  136. ^ The Sikhs and the Wars by Reginald Holder From Panjab: Past & Present Vol IV, Part I, 1970, S. No 7, Edited by Ganda Singh.
  137. ^ Cf: The Kamboh Sikhs are numerous in Kapurthala and they make very good soldiers, being of fine physique and very courageous (See Ref: The Handbook of the Fighting Races of India, 1899, p 82, P. D. Banerjee).
  138. ^ Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century, 1998, p 24, Muhammad Umar.
  139. ^ History of Origin of Some Clans in India, with Special Reference to Jats, 1992, p 149, Mangal Sen Jindal; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 359, Kirpal Singh.
  140. ^ "They (Kambojas) were not only famous for their furs and skins embroidered with threads of gold, their woolen blankets, 'their wonderful horses and their beautiful women', but by the epic period, they became especially renowned as Vedic teachers and their homeland as a seat of Brahmanical learning" (See: Hindu World, Vol I, p 520, Benjamin Walker).
  141. ^ See also: Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 228, J. L. Kamboj; And also: Mahabharata 11.25.1-5.
  142. ^ Cf also: Kamboja was one of the sixteen countries in ancient India, noted for its beautiful women (See: A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali...1987, p 195, author William Edward Soothill, Lewis Hodous); (See also: A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali, 1995, p 195, Lewis Hodous - Reference); (and also: Entry Cam Bồ Quốc ( =Kamboja) in Buddhist Dictionary of Vietnamese-English[6]).
  143. ^ Cf: “One hundred (charming) Kamboj maidens (=satam Kambojikanam kanyanam), wearing jeweled earrings with circlets of gold upon their arms and adorned with rings and necklaces of the finest gold; one hundred elephants, snowy white, robust and broad-backed, adorned with gold and jewels, carrying their great trunks curved over their heads like plowshares, could not even begin to equal one sixteenth part of the value of one step of one circumambulation” (See: Buddhist Sanskrit Vinaya Text, Caitya-pradaksina-gatha; See: Stupa, Sacred Symbol of Enlightenment: See link: [7]
  144. ^ Buddhist literature‎, 1999, p 114, Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center - Religion.
  145. ^ See: World Peace Ceremony, Bodh Gayā: Bodh Gaya‎, 1994, pp 84-85, Tarthang Tulku - Social Science; Cf: Gilgit Manuscripts, III, 3, 130, quoted earlier in B S O A S, xiii, 404.
  146. ^ Parabhadrakastu Kambojah: See: Mahabharata 7.23.43
  147. ^ See: Ethnography of Ancient India‎, 1954, p 140, ROBERT SHAFER, Publishers: O. Harrassowitz, Ethnology; See also: Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 69, Dr J. L. Kamboj; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 44, S Kirpal Singh. Also check up "Prabhadraka" in Monier-William Dictionary [8].
  148. ^ See: Mahabharata 8.56.113-114; Mahabharata; MBH 7.92.72-76
  149. ^ Mahabharata 8/56/111
  150. ^ Mahabharata 8/56/110-114
  151. ^ Mahabharata 1/67/31
  152. ^ Ramayana 1/55/2
  153. ^ Jalandhar Settlement Report, p 82, sqq; Cf: ˜The œtribes and castes of the north-western provinces and Oudh…, 1999 edition, p 206, William Crooke; See also: North Indian Notes and Queries, 1896, p 64, Hindu Mythology; A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Province, 1911, p 13, H. A. Rose.
  154. ^ Lava was the elder son of Ram Chandra of the Ikshvaku lineage who was the ruler of Ayudhya. Hence the Arains claim descent from the Ikshvakus and therefore, from Suryavamsa or Solar lineage.
  155. ^ Op. Cit,, 1999, p 206, William Crooke; North Indian Notes and Queries, 1896, p 64, Hindu Mythology, Mythology; A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Province, 1911, p 15, H. A. Rose .
  156. ^ An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan, 1987, p 100, Ahmed Abdulla - Pakistan; Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism , 1992, p 211, Syed Abdul Quddus - Punjab (India).
  157. ^ Final Report on the Revision of Settlement of the Sirsá District in the Punjáb, 1884, p 97, J. Wilson, Sir James Wilson - Sirsa (India : District); A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Provinces, 1911, p 13, H. A. Rose; The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People, 1973, p 128; An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan, 1987, p 100, Ahmed Abdulla - Pakistan; Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism , 1992, p 211, Syed Abdul Quddus - Punjab (India).
  158. ^ Settlement Report of Hissar, 1892, P. J. Fagan; The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, 1896, p 207, William Crooke - Ethnology.
  159. ^ REVISION OF SETTLEMENT, 1883, p 98, J. WILSON; REPORT ON THE REVISED LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY DISTRICT, 1878, p 49, C. A. Roe and W. E. Purser; Final Report on the Revision of Settlement of the Sirsá District in the Punjáb, 1884, p 98, J. Wilson, Sir James Wilson.
  160. ^ The Punjab Castes, 1977 Edition, p 148, Denzil Ibbetson.
  161. ^ A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Provinces, 1911, p 14, H. A. Rose.
  162. ^ Punjabi Musalmans‎, 1915, reprinted 1991, p 89, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology.
  163. ^ Journal, 1968, p 94, Pakistan Library Association.
  164. ^ Punjabi Musalmans‎, 1915 edition, reprinted 1991, p 88-89, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology; Punjabi Musalmans‎, 1968 edition, p 109, J. M. Wikeley, Rana Rehman Zafar - Ethnology; Cf: Medieval India: A Miscellany‎, 1969, p 154, K.A. Nizami, Aligarh Muslim University, Centre of Advanced Study, India - 1969; cf: Mughal Warfare, 2002, p 72, Jos J. L. Gommans.
  165. ^ Mughal Relations with the Indian Ruling Elite‎, 1983, p 94, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi - Mogul Empire; Hamdard Islamicus, 1987, p 65, Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan; Medieval India: A Miscellany‎, 1972, p 31, editor K.A. Nizami - History; History of Sher Shah Sur, 1971, p 137, Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi; Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western, 1876, p 292, North-western provinces; District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 1904 edition, p 8; Tarikh-i-Qaum Kamboh, 1996; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, Kirpal Singh.
  166. ^ See:Jalandhar Settlement Report, p 82, sqq.
  167. ^ The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People, 1973, p 128; An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan, 1987, p 100, Ahmed Abdulla - Pakistan.
  168. ^ Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism, 1992, p 211, Syed Abdul Quddus - Punjab (India).
  169. ^ Many among these clans claim direct descent from Raja Karan, while the others indirectly.
  170. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, 1896, p 119, William Crooke - Ethnology.
  171. ^ A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Province, 1911, p 443, H. A. Rose; Punjab Castes, 1974 Edition, p 148, Denzil Ibbetson.
  172. ^ Origin of names of Castes and Clans, 2004, Principal Sewa Singh.
  173. ^ op cit, p 448, H. A. Rose.
  174. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh, 1896, p 206, William Crooke - Ethnology.

[edit] Source of Kamboj Gotras (clans)

  • The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 423-432, S Kirpal Singh ji
  • Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punajb and north-west Frontier Provinces, Vol III, p 524, H. A. Rose
  • Kamboja Itihaas, 1972, pp 42-43, S H. S. Thind
  • Jatt Tribes and Zira, 1992, pp 141-42, H. S. Shergill
  • Vishal Kamboj, Monthly
  • http://kambojsociety.com/subcastes.asp

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamboj"
Personal tools
Visit joltnews for the latest headlines
Visit bloit.com for company information
Geed Media does computer consulting on long island.
This page viewed times. See Logs