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Robert Gray (sea captain)

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For other persons of the same name, see Robert Gray.
Captain Robert Gray

Captain Gray
(not showing his lack of one eye)
Born May 10, 1755(1755-05-10)
Tiverton, Rhode Island
Died July 1806
at sea
Occupation merchant sea-captain, explorer
Spouse(s) Martha

Robert Gray (May 10, 1755 – c. July, 1806) was an American merchant sea-captain and explorer. He captained the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe, in 1790, and also entered and named the Columbia River, in 1792. His trading voyages to the northern Pacific coast of North America pioneered the American sea-borne fur trade on that coast.

Gray was born in Tiverton, Rhode Island, and though little is known of his early life, he is said to have served in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. After two voyages to the Northwest Coast and a third that was stopped by French privateers, he served in the Quasi-War and continued sailing along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Gray died at sea in 1806, near Charleston, South Carolina,[1] possibly of yellow fever.[2] A variety of geographic features along the Oregon and Washington coasts as well as several schools are named in his honor.

Contents

[edit] Early life

Robert Gray was born in Tiverton, Rhode Island, on May 10, 1755, to Edward Gray.[3][4] Little is known of his early life. It is said, but not documented, that he served in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War. He is known, however, to have served in the Triangular trade of South Carolina, aboard the Pacific.[citation needed]

[edit] Voyage to Pacific Northwest Coast 1787-1790

Coins made for Gray and Kendrick to take on the voyage.

On September 30, 1787, Robert Gray and Captain John Kendrick left Boston in two ships, to trade along the north Pacific coast.[5] They were sent by Boston merchants including Charles Bulfinch.[6] Bulfinch and the other financial backers came up with the idea of trading pelts from the northwest coast of North America and taking them directly to China after Bulfinch had read about Captain Cook’s success doing the same.[6] Bulfinch had read Cook’s Journals, published in 1784, that in part discussed his success selling sea otter pelts in Canton, and thus the American merchants thought they could copy that success.[6] Prior to this, other America traders, such as Robert Morris, had sent ships to trade with China, notably the Empress of China in 1784, but had had trouble finding goods for which the Chinese would trade. Bulfinch’s learning of Cook's pelt-trading solved this problem, so that New England sea merchants could trade with China profitably.[6]

On the voyage of Kendrick and Gray, the ships' cargo included blankets, knives, iron bars, and other trade goods.[5] Both ships had official letters from Congress and passports from Massachusetts for their trading voyage.[5] Kendrick and Gray sailed around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America, first stopping at the Cape Verde Islands and the Falkland Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.[5] In January after passing Cape Horn, the ships encountered a storm that separated the two vessels and damaged the Columbia.[5] The damage forced Kendrick to sail for the nearest port, Juan Fernandez.[5] Juan Fernandez was a Spanish port under the control of Don Blas Gonzalez commandant of the garrison.[5] There the Columbia was repaired before sailing for the northwest coast. Meanwhile Gray reached the coast in August. Upon reaching the coast, Gray ran aground attempting to enter a river near 46° in latitude.[7] Here the ship was attacked by natives, with the ship losing one crew member before freeing itself and proceeding north.[7] On September 17, 1788 the Lady Washington with Gray in command reached Nootka Sound.[5]

The Columbia arrived soon after and the two ships wintered at Nootka Sound. They were still in the vicinity when Esteban José Martínez arrived in early May, 1789, to assert Spanish sovereignty. A number of British merchant ships soon arrived as well, and conflict between the Spanish and British resulted in the Nootka Crisis, which almost resulted in war between the two nations. Martínez seized a number of ships, including the Princess Royal. The two American ships were left alone, although Martínez captured a third American ship, the Fair American, when it arrived at Nootka Sound in the fall of 1789. Robert Gray witnessed much of the Nootka Incident.[8]

Gray's men battling Native Americans near Tillamook Bay

During their trading up and down the coastlines of what is now British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California the two explored many bays and inland waters.[1] Gray then encountered Captain John Meares of England.[5] Meares subsequently published reports and maps of the Pacific Northwest that included a voyage by Robert Gray through a large, imaginary inland sea between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Dixon Entrance. When George Vancouver asked Gray about this in 1792 Gray said he never made such a voyage.[9]

In 1788 Gray had attempted to enter a large river, but was unable to due to the tides, this river being the Columbia River.[1] At the outset of the voyage, Gray captained the Lady Washington and Kendrick captained the Columbia Rediviva, but the captains swapped vessels during the voyage, putting Gray in command of the Columbia.[1] After the switch, Kendrick stayed on the North American coast trading for pelts and furs, while Gray sailed their existing cargo of pelts to China, stopping off at the Sandwich Islands en route.[1] Gray arrived in Canton in early 1790 and traded his cargo for large amounts of tea.[1][3] Gray then continued on west, sailing through the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope, and across the Atlantic, arriving back in Boston on August 9, 1790.[10] As such, the Columbia became the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe.[1] Although the commercial venture was disappointing, Gray was paraded through Boston for the circumnavigation accomplishment.[11] Accompanying Gray was a Hawaiian native, dressed in traditional Hawaiian dress, that took passage on the Columbia.[11] Gray then attended a reception held in his honor by governor John Hancock.[11]

Also on this voyage, Kendrick and Gray were instructed to purchase as much land as they could from native Indians in the region. Kendrick did so on at least two occasions, including on August 5, 1791, when he purchased 18 square miles (47 km2) from a native tribe, near latitude 49°50′N, this purchase occurring while Gray had completed his voyage and since returned.[1]

The success in profits realized by this voyage had the most immediate effect of Gray's setting out for the north Pacific coast again, only six weeks after returning thence.[1] The further effect was that other New England sea merchants began to send vessels of their own thither, to take part in this new trade opportunity, including the dispatch of the Hope in September 1790, under the command of Joseph Ingraham, Gray's first mate on his first voyage.[6] Within a few years, many Yankee merchants were involved in the continuous trade of pelts to China, and by 1801 sixteen American vessels were engaged in this triangular route.[6] These mercantile activities encroached upon territorial claims by other nations to this disputed region, notably those of Spain and of Russia, and in the coming years they would be used in support of American claims the Oregon Country, and would contribute to the limiting to California and to Alaska, respectively, the Spanish and Russian claims.[6]

[edit] Return to Pacific Northwest Coast, 1790-1793

Main article: Gray sails the Columbia River

Gray set sail for the northwest coast again in the Columbia on September 28, 1790, reaching his destination in 1792.[12] Gray and Kendrick rejoined each other for a time, after Gray's return to the region.[12] On this voyage Gray, though he was still a private merchant, was sailing under papers of the United States of America signed by President George Washington. Gray put in at Nootka Sound on June 5, 1791, and wintered at a stockade they built and named Fort Defiance. Over this winter the crew built a 45-ton sloop named Adventure, which was launched in the spring with Gray’s first mate, Robert Haswell, in charge.[1] He sailed as far north as the Queen Charlotte Islands during this voyage.

Once April came Gray and the Columbia sailed south while the Adventure sailed north. After wintering on Vancouver Island, Gray set sail again on April 2, 1792 when he left the trading post of Clayoquot.[12]. As revenge for a foiled plot against his men conceived by some local natives and a Sandwich Islander of his own crew, as he departed, Gray ordered the destruction of 200 homes in the local village of Opitsitah (Opitsaht),[13] an act that the keeper of his own ship's log considered having let his passions go too far.[14] On this journey aboard the Columbia Rediviva Gray noticed muddy waters flowing from shore and decided to investigate whether he might have encountered the "Great River of the West."[3]

While waiting for favorable weather, on April 29 Gray spotted a ship and exchanged greetings with her. This ship was the HMS Discovery commanded by British Naval officer Captain George Vancouver.[12] The two captains met and discussed the geography of the coastlines: Gray told Vancouver about the large river he had attempted to enter in 1788, but Vancouver doubted there was a large river at that latitude. So Gray continued south, leaving the Strait of Juan de Fuca on April 30, 1792, trading for more pelts as the ship sailed. On May 7, he took the Columbia into the estuarine bay of Grays Harbor, Washington. (Gray himself actually named this Bullfinch Harbor, but Vancouver's after-the-fact choice was the name that stuck.)

[edit] Entering the Columbia

Sketch of the Columbia on the river bearing her name

Afterward, Gray carried on south to what was, he rightly suspected, the mouth of a great river, and looked further for a way into this river.[1] On May 11 his men discovered what he sought, and he ordered a small sailboat launched to attempt to find a safe passage across the sand bars in the process known as sounding.[1][12] Finally in the evening of May 11, 1792, Gray's men found a safe channel, and so ship and crew sailed into the estuary of the Columbia River.[15] Once there, they sailed upriver and Gray named this large river Columbia after his ship.[12]

After entering the Columbia, they were met by many natives in their canoes, while the crew prepared to take on fresh water.[1] The ship and crew traveled approximately 13 miles (21 km) upriver[16] and traded items such as nails for pelts, salmon, and animal meat over a nine-day period.[1][17] In addition to naming the river, Gray also named other landmarks such as Adams Point and Cape Hancock.[1] However, many of these places have since been re-named. The farthest point Gray explored upriver is now known as Grays Bay, and the river that flows into it Grays River. These names were not given by Gray, but by William Broughton, George Vancouver's lieutenant, who explored the Columbia in October 1792. Robert Gray had made a chart of the bay and the mouth of the river and a copy was acquired by Vancouver.[18]

Gray's success in entering the river would eventually form part of the basis for U.S. territorial claims to the Oregon Country. On May 20, Gray and crew sailed from the Columbia, heading north to rendezvous with their sloop Adventurer before setting sail for China.[19]

[edit] Return to Boston

In Canton, Gray again traded his cargo for tea and then sailed west towards the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Gray returned to Boston in July 1793, after again circumnavigating the globe.[1][3] On February 3, 1794, he took a wife named Martha Atkins, in a marriage performed in Boston by the Reverend John Eliott.[1] The couple had five children together.[4]

[edit] Role in the Quasi-War

Later in his career, Gray was involved in the Franco-American Quasi-War of 1798–1800, an undeclared and purely maritime conflict related to the Napoleonic Wars.[2][20]

On September 10, 1798, Gray set sail from Salem in command of the bark Alert, on another trading voyage bound for the Northwest Coast, where he was meant to spend a season or two fur-trading, and thence for Canton and home again, as before. This voyage was cut short while yet outbound, though, by the capture of Gray's ship in the South Atlantic, by a French privateer. Alert was taken by La Republicaine on November 17, about 500 miles (800 km) east of Rio de Janeiro, then sailed by a prize crew (though under Gray's command) to the Spanish port of Montevideo, on the River Plate, arriving on December 14. There, Alert and its cargo were sold as prizes of the French ship. Alert left port on January 11, with a Spanish crew under the Spanish flag, bound for the Pacific. Gray returned to the United States and went on with his sailing career.[20]

In 1799, Gray commanded the privateer Lucy in the continuing issue with the French. The Lucy was a 12-gun ship with a crew of twenty-five.[2]

[edit] Later voyages and death

On November 21, 1800, Gray left Boston in command of the schooner James, with a cargo of iron and stone ballast, bound for Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived on April 18, 1801.[20] He also made subsequent voyages to England and the southern United States.[2] Gray died at sea in 1806, near Charleston, South Carolina.[1] The cause of his death is believed to have been yellow fever.[2] He left behind his wife and four daughters, who later petitioned the U.S. Congress for a government pension, based on his voyages and a claim that he was a naval officer for the Continental Navy during the Revolutionary War.[1]

Martha Gray's petition to Congress.

[edit] Legacy

Gray did not publish his geographic discoveries on the Columbia River, nor those elsewhere along the Pacific coast. Captain Vancouver did publish Gray's discoveries in England, along with his own explorations, and gave Gray credit. At the time these discoveries by Gray did not gain him any renown nor were thought important. However, the trading opportunities Gray pioneered (in regard to Americans) were soon followed up by other New England merchants, with the result that the Indians of the Northwest Coast came to call Americans "Boston men". Moreover, Gray's priority in entering of the Columbia was later used by the United States in support of its territorial claims to what Americans called the Oregon Country. The rival British claimants called the more southerly portion of this disputed area was the Columbia District, which they derived from the river-name chosen by Gray. Columbia District eventually lent itself to the name of the mid-19th century colony of British Columbia. When that colony joined Canada in 1871, it became the existing province of British Columbia.

[edit] Namesakes

Map of Grays Harbor in Washington State

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Lockley
  2. ^ a b c d e Howay, p.xiv
  3. ^ a b c d Oregon Blue Book (online)
  4. ^ a b Corning, Howard M. (1989) Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing. p. 103.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Greely
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Kushner
  7. ^ a b Hittell
  8. ^ Pethick, Derek (1980). The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790-1795. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-88894-279-6. 
  9. ^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. p. 61. ISBN 1-57061-215-3. 
  10. ^ "Safe return of the Columbia", The Herald of Freedom (Boston, Massachusetts) IV (XLIII): 171, August 10 1790 
  11. ^ a b c Skinner
  12. ^ a b c d e f Flora
  13. ^ within territory of Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations (formerly referred to as the Clayoquot), one of the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations
  14. ^ Morton, Arthur S; (Lewis G Thomas) (1973) [1939]. A History of the Canadian West to 1870-71 (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 404. ISBN 0-8020-4033-0. 
  15. ^ Garibaldi Museum
  16. ^ Mussulman
  17. ^ Oldham
  18. ^ "Captain Robert Gray explores Grays Bay and charts the mouth of Grays River in May 1792". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=5052. Retrieved on 2009-05-16. 
  19. ^ Makela
  20. ^ a b c The American Historical Review

[edit] References

[edit] Books

  • Greely, Adolphus Washington (1893). Explorers and Travelers. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 
  • Hittell, Theodore Henry (1885). History of California, v. 3-4. Occidental Publishing. 
  • Howay, Frederic W. (1941). Voyages of the Columbia to the Northwest Coast. Boston: The Massachusetts Historical Society. 
  • Kushner, Howard I. (1975). Conflict on the Northwest Coast: American-Russian Rivalry in the Pacific Northwest, 1790-1867.
    Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. xii/227pp. ISBN 08-3717-873-8.     
  • Lockley, Fred (1929). Oregon Trail Blazers. New York, NY: The Knickerbocker Press. p. 369pp. LCCN 29030534. 
  • Skinner, Constance Lindsay (1920). Adventurers of Oregon: A Chronicle of the Fur Trade. Yale University Press. 

[edit] Journal articles

  • "The River Plate Voyages, 1798-1800". The American Historical Review 23 (4): 816–826. July 1918. doi:10.2307/1836335. 

[edit] Websites

[edit] External links

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