School of Brentano
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The School of Brentano refers to the philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him. While it was never a school in the traditional sense, Brentano tried to maintain some cohesion in the school. However, precisely two of his most famous students (Alexius Meinong and Edmund Husserl), were those that ultimately moved most radically beyond his theories.
Among the School of Brentano are counted (place and period they studied with Brentano):
- Carl Stumpf (Würzburg, 1866 - 1870)
- Edmund Husserl (Vienna, 1884 - 1886 )
- Alexius Meinong (Vienna, 1875 - 1878)
- Christian von Ehrenfels
- Kazimierz Twardowski (Vienna, 1885 - 1889)
- Anton Marty (Würzburg, 1866 - 1870)
- Alois Höfler
- Benno Kerry
- Tomáš Masaryk
- Sigmund Freud
- Rudolf Steiner
Brentano's students were in their turn founders of new schools or movements:
- Stumpf taught Aron Gurwitsch and became the head of the Berlin School (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler)
- Husserl founded the phenomenological movement, influencing:
- Meinong was the head of the Graz School and influenced among others Stephan Witasek, Alois Höfler, Vittorio Benussi and Bertrand Russell.
- Christian von Ehrenfels is credited with the introduction of the notion of Gestalt, which led to the establishment of Gestalt psychology.
- Twardowski was the teacher of Tadeusz Kotarbiński and became the "father of Polish logic" as patron of the Lwów-Warsaw School of logic (Jan Lukasiewicz, Stanisław Leśniewski, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Alfred Tarski)
- Marty and his disciple Karl Bühler developed a detailed theory of language, which influenced Reinach (who developed a theory of speech acts long before John Austin).
- Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis.
Also scholars such as Bertrand Russell, Roderick Chisholm, George Edward Moore, Gilbert Ryle, John Searle, Barry Smith, Kevin Mulligan, Peter Simons and Jan Woleński have propagated Brentano's influence to analytic philosophy through their research, editions and publications.
Through the works and teachings of his pupils the philosophy of Franz Brentano has been spread far and wide and indirectly influenced many if not most of the debates in contemporary philosophy, cognitive science and philosophy of mind.
[edit] Bibliography
- The School of Franz Brentano (ed. L. Albertazzi, M. Libardi & R. Poli), Kluwer, Dordrecht 1996. ISBN 0-7923-3766-2
- The Cambridge Companion to Brentano (ed. D. Jacquette), Cambridge University Press 2004. ISBN 0-521-00765-8
- Rollinger, Robin D., Husserl's Position in the School of Brentano Kluwer, Dordrecht 1999. ISBN 0-7923-5684-5
- Rollinger, Robin D., Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Meinong, Husserl, and Others on Mind and Object Ontos-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008. ISBN 978-3-86838-005-7.
- Barry Smith Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano Open Court Publishing Company Chicago and LaSalle, Illinois 1994
- Ion Tanasescu & Victor Popescu (coord.), Gabriel Cercel & Cristian Ciocan(eds.) The School of Brentano and Husserlian Phenomenology Studia Phaenomenologica vol. III, nr. 1-2 (2003), ISSN 1582-5647, ISBN 973-50-0564-6, 312 p.
