Yi languages
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It has been suggested that Loloish languages be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) |
| Yi | ||
|---|---|---|
| ꆇꉙ Nuosu | ||
| Spoken in | China, Vietnam, Thailand | |
| Region | Throughout the Far East | |
| Total speakers | 6 million | |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | ii (Sichuan Yi) | |
| ISO 639-2 | iii (Sichuan Yi) sit (others) |
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| ISO 639-3 | variously: iii – Sichuan Yi nos – Southern Yi ycl – Central Yi yif – Ache Yi yig – Guizhou Yi yik – Xishan Lalu Yi yio – Dayao Yi yip – Poluo Yi yiq – Miqie Yi yit – Eastern Lalu Yi yiu – Awu Yi yiv – Eshan-Xinping Yi yix – Axi Yi yiz – Azhe Yi ylm – Limi Yi ylo – Naluo Yi ymh – Mili Yi ymc – Muji, Southern ypg – Phola yhl – Hlepho Phowa ysn – Sani Yi yso – Southeastern Lolo Yi ysp – Southern Lolopho Yi ywl – Western Lalu Yi ywq – Wuding-Luquan Yi ywt – Western Yi ywu – Wumeng Yi nsd – Southern Nisu nsv – Southwestern Nisu ypb – Labo Phowa |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Yi (also Moso, Lolo, Noso, etc.) is a family of closely related tonal Tibeto-Burman languages spoken by the Yi people. Although linguists still use the term Lolo or Loloish, the Yi people themselves regard it as pejorative. In fact, people supposedly belonging to the Yi nationality speak six different languages, all part of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic family, but which hold only 25 to 50 percent of words in common. One of these languages has been chosen as the standard "Yi" language and, as such, is the only one taught in school, both in its oral and written form.
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[edit] Writing system
Classic Yi is a syllabic logographic system of 8000–10,000 glyphs. Although similar to Chinese in function, the glyphs are independent in form, with little to suggest a direct relation.
The Modern Yi script (ꆈꌠꁱꂷ nuosu bburma [nɔ̄sū bʙ̝̄mā] 'Nosu script') is a standardized syllabary derived from the classic script in 1974 by the local Chinese government. It was made the official script of the Yi languages in 1980. There are 756 basic glyphs based on the Liangshan dialect, plus 63 for syllables only found in Chinese borrowings.
In 1958 the Chinese government had introduced a Roman-based alphabet for use in Yi.[1] (This was later replaced by the Yi script.)
[edit] Phonology
The written equivalents of the phonemes listed here are "Yi Pinyin". For information about the actual script used, see the section above entitled Writing System.
[edit] Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiced | m /m/ | n /n/ | ny /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||
| unvoiced | hm /m̥/ | hn /n̥/ | |||||
| Plosive | prenasalized | nb /mb/ | nd /nd/ | mg /ŋɡ/ | |||
| voiced | bb /b/ | dd /d/ | gg /ɡ/ | ||||
| unvoiced | b /p/ | d /t/ | g /k/ | ||||
| aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | k /kʰ/ | ||||
| Affricate | prenasalized | nz /ndz/ | nr /ndʐ/ | nj /ndʑ/ | |||
| voiced | zz /dz/ | rr /dʐ/ | jj /dʑ/ | ||||
| unvoiced | z /ts/ | zh /tʂ/ | j /tɕ/ | ||||
| aspirated | c /tsʰ/ | ch /tʂʰ/ | q /tɕʰ/ | ||||
| Fricative | unvoiced | f /f/ | s /s/ | sh /ʂ/ | x /ɕ/ | h /x/ | hx /h/ |
| voiced | v /v/ | ss /z/ | r /ʐ/ | y /ʑ/ | w /ɣ/ | ||
| Lateral | voiced | l /l/ | |||||
| unvoiced | hl /l̥/ | ||||||
[edit] Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | y /z̞*/ | u /u/ |
| Close-mid | ie /e/ | uo /o/ | |
| Open-mid | e /ə/ | o /ɔ/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
* Identified with the vowel of the Mandarin 四 sì "four"
[edit] Dialects
According to Chinese linguists the Yi language is divided into six major dialects:[2]
- Northern dialect
- Western dialect
- Central dialect
- Southern dialect
- South-Eastern dialect
- Eastern dialect
Some of these dialects are mutually unintelligible. The Northern dialect is the largest one with some 1.6 million speakers.
[edit] See also
- Laghuu language (a Yi language of Vietnam)
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
- Collective book, Ritual for Expelling Ghosts, A religious Classic of the Yi nationality in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan. The Taipei Ricci Institute (November 1998)
