Ujjain

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Ujjain
Ujjain Location of Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh
Country	India
State	Madhya Pradesh
District(s)	Ujjain
Population	429,933 (2001[update])
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	• 491 m (1,611 ft)
Website	ujjain.nic.in

Coordinates: 23°10′58″N 75°46′38″E / 23.182778°N 75.777222°E / 23.182778; 75.777222 Ujjain (Hindi: उज्जैन) pronunciation (help·info) (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti, Avantikapuri), is an ancient city of Malwa region in central India, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River (today part of the state of Madhya Pradesh.) It is the administrative centre of Ujjain District and Ujjain Division.

In ancient times the city was called Ujjayini. As mentioned in the Mahabharata epic, Ujjayini was the capital of the Avanti Kingdom, and has been the first meridian of longitude for Hindu geographers since the 4th century BCE. Ujjain is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held there every 12 years. It is also home to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva.

Contents 1 History of Ujjain 2 Ancient monuments and tourist sights in Ujjain 3 Image gallery 4 Various Names of Ujjain 5 Geography 6 Demographics 7 Climate 8 Administrative 9 Economy 10 Transport 10.1 Railway Stations 10.2 Bus Stations 10.3 Major Roads 11 Education 11.1 Schools in Ujjain 11.2 Engineering Colleges in Ujjain 11.3 Medical Colleges in Ujjain 11.4 Management Colleges in Ujjain 12 References 13 External links

[edit] History of Ujjain

The earliest references to the city, as Ujjaini, are from the time of the Buddha, when it was the capital of the Avanti Kingdom. Since the 4th century B.C. the city has marked the first meridian of longitude in Hindu geography. It is also reputed to have been the residence of Ashoka (who subsequently became the emperor), when he was the viceroy of the western provinces of the Maurya empire.

In the Post-Mauryan period, the city was ruled by the Sungas and the Satavahanas consecutively. It was contested for a period between the Satavahanas and the Ror Sakas (devotees of Shakumbari), known as Western Satraps; however, following the end of the Satavahana dynasty, the city was retained by the Rors from the 2nd to the 12th century CE. Following the enthroning of the Gupta dynasty, the city soon became an important seat in the annals of that empire. Ujjain is considered to be the traditional capital of King Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, at whose court the nine poets known as the navaratna (nine jewels) of Sanskrit literature are said to have flourished.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, Ujjain was a major centre of mathematical and astronomical research. The famous mathematicians who worked there included: Brahmagupta, whose book Brahmasphutasiddhanta was responsible for spreading the use of zero, negative numbers and the positional number system to Arabia and Cambodia; Varahamihira, who was the first to discover many trigonometric identities; and Bhaskaracharya, or Bhaskara II, whose book Lilavati broke new ground in many areas of mathematics.

Ujjain was invaded by the forces of the Delhi Sultanate led by Iltutmish in 1235, suffering widespread destruction and systematic desecration of temples. Under the Mughal emperor Akbar it became the capital of Malwa.

During the last half of the 18th century Ujjain was the headquarters of the Maratha leader Sindhia. The Scindias later established themselves at Gwalior, and Ujjain remained part of Gwalior state until Indian Independence in 1947. Gwalior state became a princely state of the British Raj after the Maratha defeat in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and Gwalior, Ujjain, and the neighboring princely states were made a part of the Central India Agency. After Indian independence, the Scindia ruler of Gwalior acceded to the Indian Union, and Ujjain became part of the Madhya Bharat state. In 1956 Madhya Bharat was merged into the Madhya Pradesh state.

[edit] Ancient monuments and tourist sights in Ujjain

• The Mahakal Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, is the most famous and venerated Shiva temple. The Shivling in this temple is supposed to be the only Jyotirling which faces south and hence it is known as Dakshinmukhi or the south-facing ling.

• Other temples are Harsidhhi (Durga Temple), Chintaman Ganesh, Gadh Kalika, Kaal Bhairav, Sandipani Ashram, Triveni (Nav Graha Shani Mandir), ISKCON (The International Society for Krishna Consciousness) temple^{[citation needed]}, Mangalnaath and Siddhhanath.

• The Harsidhhi Temple is one of the famous Shaktipeethwhich are situated at 52 places all over India.

• The Sandipani Ashram is the place where Shri Krishna got education with Balarama and Sudama from Maharshi Sandipani.

• The Siddha Ashram, located between Ramghat and Narshinghat is known for research in Ayurvedic medicines and Kundalini Shaktipat.

• The Kaliyadeh Palace, located on the outskirts of the city, is a fine piece of ancient Indian architecture, though in poor upkeep.

• The Bhrathari caves is an ancient cave which has some interesting legends associated with it.

• The Observatory (Vedha Shala) built by a Rajput king, Raja Jai Singh II, is one of the five such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices.

• The ISKCON temple is a must for every tourist. Here there is a restaurant run by ISKCON Society named 'Govinda', which is a major attraction for foreign tourist.

• The Prashanti Dhamis a holy place to visit, where Sai Baba's Ashram is situated.

• It is quite a soothing experience to sit on the banks of river Kshipra, relieving all your mental worries. Some places are Ramghat, Narsinghghat, Gangaghat, Gaughat, Retighat, Triveni, Sidhhanath.

• Jain temples like - Jai Singh Pura Atishay Kshetra, Tapobhoomi, Avanti Parshwanath, Hanumant baag etc.

• The Kothi Palace presents a sight worth watching in the evening.

• The museum named Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, located near Chamunda tower, where we can see many ancient objects.

• It is said that the throne of Maharaja Vikramaditya, known as the seat of judgment (salabanjika throne) can be located in the Rudra Sagar lake.

[edit] Image gallery

Mahakal Temple Ujjain

Kalabhairava Temple Ujjain

Mahakal Jyotirlinga Ujjain

Bhadrakali Temple Ujjain

[edit] Various Names of Ujjain

Since Ujjain is one of the oldest cities in India, it has been known by many names:^[1]

• Avantika
• Padmavati
• Kushasthali
• Bhagavati
• Haranyavati
• Kandakatringa
• Kumudvati
• Pratikalpa
• Ujjayani
• Vishala

[edit] Geography

Ujjain is situated on the Malwa Plateau in Central India. The soil is black and stony. The vegetation is typical of arid regions with thorny trees like babul and acacia dominating the landscape. Soybean, wheat, jowar and bajra are the main crops grown.

Ujjain is located at 23°10′58″N 75°46′38″E / 23.182778°N 75.777222°E / 23.182778; 75.777222.^[2] It has an average elevation of 491 metres (1610 ft).

[edit] Demographics

As of 2001^[update] India census,^[3] Ujjain had a population of 429,933. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Ujjain has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 66%. In Ujjain, 13% of the population is under 7 years of age.

[edit] Climate

Ujjain experiences typical climate conditions of the interior Indian subcontinent. The summer months (April–June) are harsh with temperatures reaching up to 45°C. In addition, hot winds (called loo) may blow in the afternoons, worsening the heat. The winter months (Nov.–Feb.) are pleasant and cool with daytime temperatures typically 20°C, though it may drop to subzero in the night. The monsoon typically arrives in late June and the months of June till September receive moderate to heavy rainfall. There are periods of rainfall followed by long periods of bright sunshine and high humidity. The month of October generally is very warm and with high humidity.

[edit] Administrative

Ujjain city has two legislative assembly zones, known as Ujjain North and Ujjain South. For Parliamentary purposes it is treated as one seat

[edit] Economy

The economy of Ujjain is mainly dependent on the agricultural activities of the nearby villages. Two main crops are grown each year: wheat as the major Rabi crop, soyabean as the major Kharif crop. Ujjain agriculture is sensitive to changes in rainfall and failure of monsoon cycles can lay a devastating toll on agriculture and the local economy.

Ujjain was previously a centre of the textile industry with a number of textile mills in and around the city. These mills have since closed, unemploying hundreds. Religious tourism is also a contributor to the economy, especially during the Simhasta Mela.

The business for small traders is booming because of money brought in by the young professionals working in MNC's in other cities. Because of this many shopping complex and developmental projects are coming in the city.

Number of new infrastructure projects are under construction. Major investments are planned by some of the leading companies in steel sector (like SAIL) to utilize Ujjain as a base for regional supply. With cheaper land & labour costs Ujjain is creating enough attention for new investments.

[edit] Transport

Ujjain is well-connected by rail and road. It is on the Western Railway and is connected by direct train to most major Indian cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Lucknow, Jaipur, Kanpur, Nagpur, Patna, Indore, Bhopal, Coimbatore, Mysore, Trivendrum, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Varanasi, Bhubaneshwar etc).

The nearest airport is Indore, which has daily flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahemdabad, Bangalore, Nagpur, Raipur, Bhopal, Jabalpur.

The road network is developed with other parts of Madhya Pradesh. Private buses ply on these roads, though it is best to take your own vehicle for short distances.

Ujjain is connected to Indore through SH-27 and SH-18 Dewas-Badnawar passes through it.

An extensive network of old but inexpensive three-wheelers called tempoes serves the majority of the population. Three-wheeler auto-rickshaws are also quite popular. Recent years have seen an explosion of privately owned vehicles, especially two-wheelers unsuited for the traffic, that congest the narrow thoroughfares.

[edit] Railway Stations

There are three railway stations:

1. Ujjain Junction
2. Vikram Nagar
3. Chintaman (Metre Gauge)

[edit] Bus Stations

1. Dewas Gate(major bus stand)
2. NanaKheda

[edit] Major Roads

Indore Road, Dewas Road, Agar Road, Badnagar Road, Maksi Road.

[edit] Education

Ujjain city is well known for its university, Vikram University, which is the main institution of higher education in the city.It is the Second oldest University in Madhya Pradesh, estd. in 1957. Other than the university also, Ujjain has quite a few colleges and institutes where students can pursue various courses. But the quality of education is as ancient as the city itself. And the city is mostly dieing a slow death due to political negligence.

[edit] Schools in Ujjain

1. Lokmanya Tilak Higher Secondary School[1]
2. Takshshila Junior College^[4]
3. Kendriya Vidyalaya Ujjain^[5]
4. St Paul's Higher Secondary School
5. Kalidas Montessori School, Bambakhana
6. Ujjain Public School(UPS)
7. Oxford Junior college(OJC)
8. Christu Jyoti Convent Senior Secondary School
9. Gyan Sagar Academy
10. Crown Public School Ujjain
11. St Mary's Convent School
12. Saraswati Shishu Mandir
13. Stanford International Girls School

[edit] Engineering Colleges in Ujjain

1. Ujjain Engineering College (UEC)
2. Mahakal Institute of Technology (MIT)
3. Mahakal Institute of Technology and Sciences (MITS)
4. Mahakal Institute of Technology and Management (MITM)
5. Alpine Institute of Technology (AIT)
6. Prashanti Institute of Technology and Sciences (PITS)
7. Guru Sandipani Institute of Technology(GSIT)
8. Ramotidevi Institute of Technology (RIT)

[edit] Medical Colleges in Ujjain

• Govt. Autonomous Dhanvantri Ayurved College
• R.D.Gardi Medical College

[edit] Management Colleges in Ujjain

• Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Business Management(JNIBM)
• Mahakal Institute of Management(MIM)
• Alpine Institute of Management (AIM)
• Maharaja Institute of Management (MIM)
• ICFAI National College (INC)
• National Heights College of Management (NHCM)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Official website of Ujjain
•  "Ujjain". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 

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